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[论文解读] Are Parametrized Tests of General Relativity with Gravitational Waves Robust to Unknown Higher Post-Newtonian Order Effects?

Scott Perkins, Nicolás Yunes|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 7, 2022
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research参考文献 81被引用 43
一句话总结

本文研究了在未知更高阶后牛顿(PN)修正项的情况下,利用引力波进行广义相对论参数化检验是否依然稳健。通过在合成数据上进行贝叶斯参数估计,结果表明:只要已知级数的数学结构,即使在未明确知晓更高阶PN项的情况下,单参数检验不仅不会退化,反而会得到改善——这为当前基于ppE的广义相对论检验的稳健性提供了有力证据。

ABSTRACT

Gravitational wave observations have great potential to reveal new information about the fundamental nature of gravity, but extracting that information can be difficult. One popular technique is the parametrized inspiral test of general relativity (a realization of the parametrized post-Einsteinian framework), where the gravitational waveform, as calculated in Einstein's theory as a series expansion in the orbital velocity, is parametrically deformed at a given set of orders in velocity. However, most current approaches usually only analyze the data while considering a single, specific modification at a time. Are then constraints placed with a single modification robust to our ignorance of higher post-Newtonian order corrections? We show here that for a wide class of theories, specifically those that admit a post-Newtonian expansion, single-parameter tests are indeed robust. In particular, through a series of full Bayesian parameter estimation studies on several different sets of synthetic data, we show that single-parameter constraints are not degraded but rather are improved by the inclusion of multiple parameters, provided one includes information about the mathematical structure of the series. We then exemplify this with a specific theory of gravity, shift-symmetric scalar Gauss-Bonnet theory, where the waveform has been calculated to higher post-Newtonian orders than leading. We show that the inclusion of these higher order terms strengthens single-parameter constraints, instead of weakening them, and that the strengthening is very mild. This analysis therefore provides strong evidence that single-parameter post-Einsteinian tests of general relativity are robust to ignorance of high post-Newtonian order terms in the general relativistic deformations.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估单参数参数化后爱因斯坦(ppE)检验在忽略高阶后牛顿(PN)修正项时的稳健性。
  • 确定在波形模型中包含高阶PN项是否会削弱或增强对ppE参数的约束。
  • 评估在检验中引入高阶PN修正项是否能提升或降低单参数广义相对论检验的精度。
  • 在已知高阶PN修正项的现实理论——移位对称标量高斯-博内引力理论中,测试这种稳健性。
  • 为LIGO/Virgo数据分析中持续使用单参数ppE检验提供实证与理论依据。

提出的方法

  • 对已知ppE形变的合成引力波信号执行完整的贝叶斯参数估计。
  • 使用同时包含主导项与高阶PN修正项的波形模型,其中ppE形变参数包含高阶PN项。
  • 采用参数化后爱因斯坦(ppE)框架,其中形变被建模为轨道速度的多项式项,固定指数b,自由振幅β。
  • 比较仅包含主导项ppE项与同时包含高阶项时对β的约束结果。
  • 以特定理论——移位对称标量高斯-博内引力理论为例,该理论中高阶PN修正项可解析获得。
  • 使用带动态温度选择的马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)采样方法,实现稳健的后验推断。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在单参数ppE检验中,包含高阶后牛顿(PN)修正项是否会降低广义相对论检验的精度?
  • RQ2即使真实信号中包含多个此类项,包含高阶PN项是否仍能改善对单个ppE参数β的约束?
  • RQ3ppE框架是否对高阶PN修正项的无知具有稳健性,使得单参数检验依然可靠?
  • RQ4在已知高阶PN项的现实修正引力理论中,包含这些项如何影响β的后验分布?
  • RQ5波形中高阶PN修正项在多大程度上增强或削弱了单参数约束?

主要发现

  • 只要已知级数的数学结构,单参数ppE检验在包含高阶后牛顿(PN)修正项时不仅不会退化,反而会得到改善。
  • 包含高阶PN项可带来温和但一致的β参数振幅系数约束增强。
  • 在移位对称标量高斯-博内引力理论中,由于高阶PN修正项可解析获得,包含这些项可使β的约束得到微小但可测量的增强。
  • 该约束精度的提升在多个合成数据集和不同ppE指数b下均表现稳健。
  • 结果为当前LIGO/Virgo中广义相对论的参数化检验提供了强有力的实证与理论支持。
  • 本研究证实,即使在高阶PN效应未被预先完全知晓的情况下,单参数ppE检验依然是有效且强大的广义相对论检验工具。

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