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[论文解读] Artificial Intelligence across Europe: A Study on Awareness, Attitude and Trust

Teresa Scantamburlo, Àtia Cortés|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 19, 2023
Ethics and Social Impacts of AISocial Sciences被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究通过在八个国家对4,006名受访者实施经过验证的调查工具(PAICE),调查了欧洲公民对人工智能(AI)的认知、态度及信任度。尽管自我评估的AI知识水平较低,但超过一半的受访者对AI持非常积极的态度,然而信任度因感知到缺乏透明度和监管而受损,凸显了亟需加强伦理治理、公众教育以及包容性政策沟通,以构建可信的AI生态系统。

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of an extensive study investigating the opinions on Artificial Intelligence (AI) of a sample of 4,006 European citizens from eight distinct countries (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, and Sweden). The aim of the study is to gain a better understanding of people's views and perceptions within the European context, which is already marked by important policy actions and regulatory processes. To survey the perceptions of the citizens of Europe we design and validate a new questionnaire (PAICE) structured around three dimensions: people's awareness, attitude, and trust. We observe that while awareness is characterized by a low level of self-assessed competency, the attitude toward AI is very positive for more than half of the population. Reflecting upon the collected results, we highlight implicit contradictions and identify trends that may interfere with the creation of an ecosystem of trust and the development of inclusive AI policies. The introduction of rules that ensure legal and ethical standards, along with the activity of high-level educational entities, and the promotion of AI literacy are identified as key factors in supporting a trustworthy AI ecosystem. We make some recommendations for AI governance focused on the European context and conclude with suggestions for future work.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估欧洲不同国家背景下公民对人工智能的认知、态度及信任度。
  • 识别公众对AI技术及其法规的实际理解与感知之间的差距。
  • 探讨社会趋势(如缺乏知识却抱有技术乐观情绪、政策脱节、AI教育参与度低)对构建可信AI的影响。
  • 验证一种新型调查工具(PAICE)在衡量公众对AI的认知、态度与信任三个维度上的可靠性与有效性。
  • 通过识别可增强公众信任与包容性的政策、教育与传播策略,为AI治理提供依据。

提出的方法

  • 采用计算机辅助网络访谈(CAWI)方法,从八个国家的分层样本中收集了4,006名欧洲公民的数据。
  • 设计并验证了一项新问卷PAICE(欧洲公民对AI的认知),包含三个核心维度:认知、态度与信任。
  • 统计验证包括使用多项相关矩阵的探索性因子分析,以及采用斜交旋转的主轴因子法,以评估内部结构与信度。
  • 采用描述性与推断性统计方法分析按国家、年龄和性别划分的回应数据,组间比较结果报告了p值。
  • 问卷包含李克特量表、二分法及多选题项,以捕捉公众在不同领域(如医疗、人力资源、监控)对AI的细微感知。
  • 补充数据(包括完整问卷文本、响应表格及人口统计分布)已公开,以确保可复现性与再利用。
Figure 1: Responses to Likert scale items associated with awareness. Low-scale values (1 and 2) are represented by red-like colors, while high-scale values (4 and 5) are represented by blue-like colors. Item Q7 is split into sub-items regarding the perceived presence of AI in ten different sectors.
Figure 1: Responses to Likert scale items associated with awareness. Low-scale values (1 and 2) are represented by red-like colors, while high-scale values (4 and 5) are represented by blue-like colors. Item Q7 is split into sub-items regarding the perceived presence of AI in ten different sectors.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1欧洲公民在不同国家的自我评估AI认知水平如何?
  • RQ2人们对AI的态度在不同应用领域(如医疗、人力资源、监控)中是否存在差异?
  • RQ3哪些因素最显著地影响公众对AI系统的信任?哪些机构被认为最具可信度?
  • RQ4社会趋势(如尽管知识水平低但对AI持乐观态度、与政策努力脱节、教育参与度低)在多大程度上构成可信AI发展的障碍?
  • RQ5PAICE问卷在衡量不同欧洲人群对AI的认知、态度与信任感知方面,其可靠性和有效性如何?

主要发现

  • 超过62%的受访者表示AI对他们的日常生活有影响,较以往调查上升10个百分点,表明其感知相关性正在增强。
  • 尽管自我评估的知识水平较低,仍有52.3%的受访者对AI持非常积极的态度,但在人力资源管理等敏感领域,认可度显著下降。
  • 大学与科研机构被公认为最值得信赖的机构,以确保AI的负责任使用,其可信度超过国家政府与科技公司。
  • PAICE问卷展现出良好的内部一致性与足够的效度,支持其在衡量公众对AI的认知、态度与信任维度方面的应用。
  • 公众认知与欧盟政策努力之间存在显著脱节,许多公民不了解现有的监管框架与伦理准则。
  • 本研究识别出三大社会趋势:对AI的无知性乐观、对公共AI政策的疏离,以及AI教育参与度低;这些趋势均对可信且包容的AI生态系统的建设构成风险。
Figure 2: Responses to Likert scale items associated with attitude. Low-scale values (1 and 2) are represented by red colors, while high-scale values (4 and 5) are represented by blue colors. Item Q8 is split in sub-items regarding the attitude towards AI in ten different sectors.
Figure 2: Responses to Likert scale items associated with attitude. Low-scale values (1 and 2) are represented by red colors, while high-scale values (4 and 5) are represented by blue colors. Item Q8 is split in sub-items regarding the attitude towards AI in ten different sectors.

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