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[论文解读] Assessment of the Accuracy of Density Functionals for Calculating Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Nitrogen Doped Graphene

Björn Kirchhoff, Aleksei V. Ivanov|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 8, 2021
Fuel Cells and Related Materials参考文献 89被引用 16
一句话总结

本研究评估了多种密度泛函理论(DFT)泛函(GGA、meta-GGA 和杂化泛函)在计算氮掺杂石墨烯(NG)上氧还原反应(ORR)过电势时的准确性。基于高阶CCSD(T)和量子蒙特卡罗基准结果,研究发现杂化泛函(PBE0、HSE06)的过电势预测值更准确(在3.1%氮掺杂时约为1.0 V),而GGA/meta-GGA泛函则低估了高达0.4 V。这种差异源于不同决速步:杂化泛函中为*OOH形成,而GGA泛函中为*O还原。

ABSTRACT

Experimental studies of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at nitrogen doped graphene electrodes have reported a remarkably low overpotential, on the order of 0.5 V, similar to Pt based electrodes. Theoretical calculations using density functional theory have lent support for this claim. However, other measurements have indicated that transition metal impurities are actually responsible for the ORR activity, thereby raising questions about the reliability of both the experiments and the calculations. In order to assess the accuracy of the theoretical calculations, various generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta-GGA and hybrid functionals are employed here and calibrated against high-level wave function based coupled cluster calculations (CCSD(T)) of the overpotential as well as self-interaction corrected density functional calculations and published quantum Monte Carlo calculations of O adatom binding to graphene. The PBE0 and HSE06 hybrid functionals are found to give more accurate results than the GGA and meta-GGA functionals, as would be expected, and for low dopant concentration, 3.1%, the overpotential is calculated to be 1.0 V. The GGA and meta-GGA functionals give a lower estimate by as much as 0.4 V. When the dopant concentration is doubled, the overpotential calculated with hybrid functionals drops, while it increases in GGA functional calculations. The opposite trends result from different potential determining steps, the *OOH species being of central importance in the hybrid functional calculations while the reduction of *O determines the overpotential obtained in GGA and meta-GGA calculations. The results presented here are mainly based on calculations of periodic representations of the system, but a comparison is also made with molecular flake models which are found to give erratic results.

研究动机与目标

  • 本研究旨在解决实验与理论报告中关于氮掺杂石墨烯(NG)ORR活性的矛盾,特别是探讨过渡金属杂质与NG本征性质何者主导催化活性。
  • 鉴于实验测得的过电势约为0.5 V,与铂相当,本研究旨在评估DFT泛函在预测NG上ORR过电势方面的可靠性。
  • 研究旨在探究周期性无限片状模型与有限分子片状模型在ORR过电势计算中哪类更准确。
  • 研究考察溶剂化效应与色散校正对过电势预测的影响,尤其考虑到标准DFT研究常忽略溶剂的直接作用。
  • 本研究旨在通过高阶CCSD(T)和量子蒙特卡罗方法作为基准,识别NG基ORR催化中最准确的DFT泛函水平。

提出的方法

  • 本研究采用一系列DFT泛函(GGA:PBE、BEEF-vdW;meta-GGA:TPSS、SCAN;杂化泛函:PBE0、HSE06、B3LYP)计算氮掺杂石墨烯的周期性与有限片状模型的ORR过电势。
  • 采用计算氢电极(CHE)模型,结合零点能(ZPVE)与熵(T·S)校正(基于简谐振动频率分析),确定各ORR步骤的电势依赖自由能变化(ΔG(U))。
  • 利用高阶耦合簇(CCSD(T))计算与量子蒙特卡罗(DMC)结果作为基准,校准并验证DFT泛函,尤其针对氧原子在石墨烯上的吸附能。
  • 通过在吸附中间体(*OOH、*O、*OH)周围引入单层8个显式H2O分子来评估溶剂化效应,自由能稳定化值由HSE06计算获得。
  • 比较周期性超胞模型(代表无限石墨烯片)与有限分子片状模型(带与不带氢封端)的结果,分析有限尺寸效应与几何畸变的影响。
  • 在0 V与起始电势下构建自由能图,以可视化反应路径并识别各类泛函与模型类型的电势决定步骤(PDS)

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当以高阶CCSD(T)和量子蒙特卡罗计算为基准时,哪类DFT泛函(GGA、meta-GGA、杂化)能最准确预测氮掺杂石墨烯上的ORR过电势?
  • RQ2周期性无限片状模型与有限分子片状模型预测的过电势有何差异?有限尺寸效应与几何畸变在差异中起何作用?
  • RQ3通过8个H2O分子实现的显式溶剂化对预测过电势有何影响?哪种ORR中间体受溶剂化稳定作用最强?
  • RQ4使用不同DFT泛函计算时,NG上ORR的电势决定步骤(PDS)是什么?该步骤在GGA与杂化泛函之间有何差异?
  • RQ5掺杂浓度(3.1% vs. 6.2%)如何影响预测的过电势?为何当浓度加倍时,杂化与GGA泛函表现出相反趋势?

主要发现

  • PBE0与HSE06杂化泛函预测的过电势最准确,在3.1%氮掺杂时为1.0 V,与高阶CCSD(T)基准结果高度一致。
  • 与参考CCSD(T)结果相比,GGA与meta-GGA泛函将过电势低估高达0.4 V,表明存在显著的自相互作用误差。
  • 当掺杂浓度从3.1%增至6.2%时,杂化泛函计算的过电势降低,而GGA泛函计算的过电势升高,这是由于决速步从GGA中的*O还原转变为杂化泛函中的*OOH形成。
  • 通过8个H2O分子实现的显式溶剂化使*OOH中间体稳定-0.14 eV,将预测过电势从0.97 V降至0.82 V,表明溶剂化是准确估算过电势的关键因素。
  • 有限片状模型因有限尺寸效应与几何畸变在结构弛豫中产生不规则结果,因此在过电势预测方面不如周期性超胞模型可靠。
  • 色散校正(D3)对顶位与桥位吸附位点间能量差的影响可忽略,表明其在该体系热力学中并非主要因素。

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