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[论文解读] AT2: Asynchronous Trustworthy Transfers

Rachid Guerraoui, Petr Kuznetsov|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 27, 2018
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security参考文献 55被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出了AT2,一种用于去中心化系统中异步、可信资产转移的无共识框架。通过利用因果有序广播原语而非共识机制,AT2实现了更高的性能和更简洁的设计——在小规模部署中,其吞吐量比基于共识的系统高出1.5倍至6倍,延迟降低最多2倍,且在全球规模下仍能实现亚秒级执行。

ABSTRACT

Many blockchain-based protocols, such as Bitcoin, implement a decentralized asset transfer (or exchange) system. As clearly stated in the original paper by Nakamoto, the crux of this problem lies in prohibiting any participant from engaging in double-spending. There seems to be a common belief that consensus is necessary for solving the double-spending problem. Indeed, whether it is for a permissionless or a permissioned environment, the typical solution uses consensus to build a totally ordered ledger of submitted transfers. In this paper we show that this common belief is false: consensus is not needed to implement of a decentralized asset transfer system. We do so by introducing AT2 (Asynchronous Trustworthy Transfers), a class of consensusless algorithms. To show formally that consensus is unnecessary for asset transfers, we consider this problem first in the shared-memory context. We introduce AT2$_{SM}$, a wait-free algorithm that asynchronously implements asset transfer in the read-write shared-memory model. In other words, we show that the consensus number of an asset-transfer object is one. In the message passing model with Byzantine faults, we introduce a generic asynchronous algorithm called AT2$_{MP}$ and discuss two instantiations of this solution. First, AT2$_{D}$ ensures deterministic guarantees and consequently targets a small scale deployment (tens to hundreds of nodes), typically for a permissioned environment. Second, AT2$_{P}$ provides probabilistic guarantees and scales well to a very large system size (tens of thousands of nodes), ensuring logarithmic latency and communication complexity. Instead of consensus, we construct AT2$_{D}$ and AT2$_{P}$ on top of a broadcast primitive with causal ordering guarantees offering deterministic and probabilistic properties, respectively.

研究动机与目标

  • 挑战一种广泛持有的观点,即共识对于防止去中心化资产转移系统中的双重支付是必要的。
  • 正式证明单账户转账对象的共识数为1,意味着其正确性无需依赖共识机制。
  • 设计并实现AT2 SM、AT2 D和AT2 P——适用于存在拜占庭故障的共享内存模型和消息传递模型的实用异步算法。
  • 证明无共识设计在性能、简洁性和活跃性保证方面可优于基于共识的系统。
  • 在无需依赖全序排序的前提下,实现在许可(AT2 D)和非许可(AT2 P)环境中可扩展、低延迟的资产转移。

提出的方法

  • 提出AT2 SM,一种在存在良性故障的共享内存模型中用于资产转移的无等待、共识数为1的算法。
  • 提出AT2 MP,一种基于安全广播原语的通用消息传递算法,具备因果排序保证。
  • 设计AT2 D作为小规模、许可制系统(数十至数百个节点)的确定性实例化,利用因果广播实现强一致性。
  • 开发AT2 P作为大规模、非许可制系统(数万个节点)的 probabilistic 实例化,实现对数级通信复杂度和亚秒级延迟。
  • 采用依赖模型,其中每次转账仅依赖于涉及同一账户的操作,从而支持可交换执行并减少协调开销。
  • 依赖一种安全广播抽象,确保因果排序,从而替代全序排序和共识机制。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1共识是否真的对防止去中心化资产转移系统中的双重支付是必要的?
  • RQ2资产转移能否以共识数为1的方式实现,意味着其无需解决共识问题?
  • RQ3无共识系统在真实部署中是否能实现优于基于共识的替代方案的性能和更低延迟?
  • RQ4如何利用因果排序替代资产转移协议中的全序排序,同时在拜占庭故障下保证正确性?
  • RQ5无共识设计能否在保持低延迟和高吞吐量的同时,扩展至大规模非许可网络?

主要发现

  • 单账户资产转移对象的共识数为1,证明共识并非去中心化资产转移所必需。
  • AT2 D在最多100个副本的系统中,吞吐量比基于共识的解决方案高出1.5倍至6倍,延迟降低最多2倍。
  • AT2 P在数千个节点的全球规模部署中实现了亚秒级的转账执行,展现出强大的水平可扩展性。
  • 由于消除了全序排序并依赖轻量级的因果广播原语,AT2框架比基于共识的系统更简单、更快。
  • AT2算法为异步系统,不受FLP不可能性限制,无需依赖超时机制即可保证活跃性。
  • 该设计天然支持跨不相交账户的可交换操作,实现无需协调的高效去中心化执行。

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