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[论文解读] Automatic Diagnosis of Myocarditis Disease in Cardiac MRI Modality using Deep Transformers and Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Mahboobeh Jafari, Afshin Shoeibi|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 26, 2022
Viral Infections and Immunology Research被引用 10
一句话总结

本研究提出了一种基于深度学习的心脏磁共振成像(CMRI)自动检测心肌炎的计算机辅助诊断系统(CADS),采用视觉变换器(Vision Transformers),特别是湍流神经变换器(TNT),通过10折交叉验证实现了99.73%的准确率。该系统结合可解释人工智能技术(Grad-CAM)以定位可疑区域,解决了低对比度CMRI图像的挑战,并减轻了放射科医生的工作负担。

ABSTRACT

Myocarditis is a significant cardiovascular disease (CVD) that poses a threat to the health of many individuals by causing damage to the myocardium. The occurrence of microbes and viruses, including the likes of HIV, plays a crucial role in the development of myocarditis disease (MCD). The images produced during cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) scans are low contrast, which can make it challenging to diagnose cardiovascular diseases. In other hand, checking numerous CMRI slices for each CVD patient can be a challenging task for medical doctors. To overcome the existing challenges, researchers have suggested the use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided diagnosis systems (CADS). The presented paper outlines a CADS for the detection of MCD from CMR images, utilizing deep learning (DL) methods. The proposed CADS consists of several steps, including dataset, preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, and post-processing. First, the Z-Alizadeh dataset was selected for the experiments. Subsequently, the CMR images underwent various preprocessing steps, including denoising, resizing, as well as data augmentation (DA) via CutMix and MixUp techniques. In the following, the most current deep pre-trained and transformer models are used for feature extraction and classification on the CMR images. The findings of our study reveal that transformer models exhibit superior performance in detecting MCD as opposed to pre-trained architectures. In terms of DL architectures, the Turbulence Neural Transformer (TNT) model exhibited impressive accuracy, reaching 99.73% utilizing a 10-fold cross-validation approach. Additionally, to pinpoint areas of suspicion for MCD in CMRI images, the Explainable-based Grad Cam method was employed.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在低对比度心脏磁共振成像(CMRI)扫描中诊断心肌炎的挑战,此类图像人工解读困难。
  • 通过自动化分析每位患者的大量CMRI切片,减轻放射科医生的工作负担。
  • 开发一种基于深度学习的CADS,利用最先进的变换器架构以提升分类性能。
  • 通过Grad-CAM技术定位可疑区域,增强模型可解释性,支持临床信任与决策。
  • 在公开数据集上通过严格的交叉验证和数据增强技术对所提系统进行验证。

提出的方法

  • 本研究使用Z-Alizadeh CMRI数据集进行训练与评估,图像经过去噪、缩放以及使用CutMix和MixUp进行数据增强预处理。
  • 对预训练的视觉变换器模型(包括湍流神经变换器,TNT)进行微调,以提取特征并分类心肌炎。
  • 采用10折交叉验证策略,确保性能估计的稳健性与泛化能力。
  • 通过Grad-CAM实现可解释人工智能,生成类别激活图,突出显示与心肌炎相关的CMRI图像区域。
  • 模型流程整合了预处理、基于变换器的深度特征学习、分类及后处理,以提升临床可解释性。
  • 使用标准指标评估性能,准确率作为主要结果报告。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1视觉变换器在从心脏磁共振成像中分类心肌炎方面是否优于传统的预训练卷积神经网络(CNN)架构?
  • RQ2湍流神经变换器(TNT)模型在多轮交叉验证中检测心肌炎的效能如何?
  • RQ3Grad-CAM在多大程度上能够突出显示CMRI图像中具有临床意义的区域,以支持诊断解读?
  • RQ4使用CutMix和MixUp进行数据增强是否能提升模型在心肌炎检测中的泛化能力与鲁棒性?
  • RQ5结合可解释人工智能的深度学习系统是否能在保持高诊断准确率的同时显著减轻放射科医生的工作负担?

主要发现

  • 湍流神经变换器(TNT)模型在10折交叉验证中实现了99.73%的最高准确率,成功检测心肌炎。
  • 基于视觉变换器的模型在从CMRI图像中分类心肌炎方面优于传统的预训练CNN架构。
  • Grad-CAM方法成功定位了CMRI扫描中的可疑区域,显著提升了模型的可解释性与临床相关性。
  • 数据增强技术(CutMix和MixUp)提升了模型在数据集上的鲁棒性与泛化能力。
  • 所提出的CADS展现出近乎完美的分类性能,表明其在临床部署中具有强大潜力。
  • 将可解释人工智能与深度学习相结合,显著增强了自动化心肌炎诊断中的信任度与透明度。

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