[论文解读] Bacterial survival in Martian conditions
本研究利用LISA和mini-LISA两种实验室腔室,模拟火星的低压、低温、紫外线辐射及大气成分,探究了地球细菌内生孢子在模拟火星条件下的存活情况。主要发现为:紫外线辐射是主要致死因素,而内生孢子——尤其是* Bacillus pumilus *——在受尘埃层遮蔽时,可在火星条件下存活长达28小时。
We shortly discuss the observable consequences of the two hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth and Mars: the Lithopanspermia (Mars to Earth or viceversa) and the origin from a unique progenitor, that for Earth is called LUCA (the LUCA hypothesis). To test the possibility that some lifeforms similar to the terrestrial ones may survive on Mars, we designed and built two simulators of Martian environments where to perform experiments with different bacterial strains: LISA and mini-LISA. Our LISA environmental chambers can reproduce the conditions of many Martian locations near the surface trough changes of temperature, pressure, UV fluence and atmospheric composition. Both simulators are open to collaboration with other laboratories interested in performing experiments on many kind of samples (biological, minerals, electronic) in situations similar to that of the red planet. Inside LISA we have studied the survival of several bacterial strains and endospores. We verified that the UV light is the major responsible of cell death. Neither the low temperature, nor the pressure, nor the desiccation or the atmospheric changes were effective in this sense. We found that some Bacillus strains have a particular capability to survive for some hours in Martian conditions without being screened by dust or other shields. We also simulated the coverage happening on a planet by dust transported by the winds, blowing on the samples a very small quantity of volcanic ash grains or red iron oxide particles. Samples covered by these dust grains have shown a high percentage of survival, indicating that under the surface dust, if life were to be present on Mars in the past, some bacteria colonies or cells could still be present.
研究动机与目标
- 评估地球细菌菌株及内生孢子在模拟火星地表条件下的存活能力。
- 评估关键环境应激因素——紫外线辐射、低压、低温、干燥及大气成分——对微生物存活的影响。
- 探究尘埃覆盖或屏蔽机制是否可使微生物在火星上实现长期存活。
- 提供一个协作性实验平台(LISA和mini-LISA),用于在行星类比环境中开展天体生物学研究。
提出的方法
- 构建了两种环境模拟器LISA和mini-LISA,以复刻火星地表条件,包括温度(-80 °C至+23 °C)、压力(0.7 kPa)、紫外线剂量及大气成分(95% CO₂,2% N₂,1% Ar)。
- 将细菌悬浮液(包括* Bacillus *物种的营养细胞和内生孢子)在无菌盖玻片上脱水,并密封于钢制反应池中,以暴露于模拟火星条件。
- 暴露后,将样品重新水合并涂布于固体培养基上,通过菌落计数法量化存活率。
- 实验包括直接暴露于紫外线以及使用埃特纳火山细火山灰和红色氧化铁颗粒模拟尘埃遮蔽。
- 在‘夏季’(+23 °C)和‘冬季’(-80 °C)温度制度下,随时间测量存活情况。
- 比较了不同菌株(包括* Deinococcus radiodurans *和* Bacillus pumilus *SAFR032)在不同应激条件下的存活率。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1地球细菌内生孢子能否在长期暴露于模拟火星地表条件(包括低压、低温、干燥及紫外线辐射)下存活?
- RQ2在火星上,导致微生物失活的主要因素是紫外线辐射、低温、压力、干燥还是大气成分?
- RQ3一层薄薄的尘埃(如火山灰或氧化铁)在火星类似条件下,能在多大程度上保护微生物细胞免受紫外线致死影响?
- RQ4温度变化(火星夏季与冬季条件)如何影响细菌内生孢子的存活动力学?
- RQ5内生孢子是否能在火星条件下以休眠状态长期存活,并在重新水合后恢复代谢活性?
主要发现
- 紫外线辐射被确定为导致细胞死亡的主要因素,* Deinococcus radiodurans *的营养细胞在暴露5–8分钟后即完全失活。
- * Bacillus pumilus *SAFR032表现出更强抗性,在紫外线暴露10分钟后仍保持10%的存活率,但超过几分钟后无细胞存活。
- * Bacillus pumilus *和* Bacillus nealsonii *的内生孢子在初始下降后存活率保持稳定,在‘夏季’条件下紫外线暴露下,部分菌株可存活长达1.5小时。
- 在‘冬季’条件(−80 °C)下,一种* Bacillus pumilus *菌株表现出极强的抗逆性,在无紫外线遮蔽条件下可存活至少4小时,最长达28小时。
- 使用细火山灰或红色氧化铁颗粒进行尘埃覆盖可显著提高存活率,表明地下保护机制可能在火星上保存活细胞。
- 低温、低压、干燥及大气成分本身不足以杀死内生孢子,证实紫外线辐射是主要的失活因素。
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