[论文解读] Beam Learning - Using Machine Learning for Finding Beam Directions
本文提出了一种基于多臂赌博机(MAB)的机器学习算法,用于在毫米波非授权频段中实现5G系统与现有802.11ad/WiGig网络共存的盲态3D波束方向检测。该方法在无需事先了解现有网络行为的前提下,实时学习无干扰的波束方向,其性能优于ϵ-贪心和UCB1算法,尤其在大规模阵列和时变环境中表现更优。
Beamforming is the key enabler for wireless communications in the mmWave bands. 802.11ad and WiGig are wireless technologies that currently use the 60 GHz unlicensed mmWave spectrum via beamforming techniques. It is likely that 5G systems will be considered for 60GHz unlicensed spectrum (apart from other unlicensed bands) deployments and hence must co-exist with 802.11ad and WiGig. 3GPP is taking steps towards achieving the same and the standardization for this is underway. The first step to achieve this co-existence is to find the interference-free directions, in other words identify the directions in which the nodes using these incumbent technologies are communicating and eliminate those directions from further communications. Such a mechanism can help to exploit the spatial holes rather than avoid communications even when only a few spatial directions are used by incumbents. Such a mechanism trivially increases the throughput of the proposed 5G systems. However, since the incumbent technologies may be unknown to the 5G mmWave nodes and their behavior may also be unknown apriori (for instance, parameters such as duty cycle, power levels, CSMA parameter used by 802.11ad are unknown to the 5G nodes), this spatial direction finding must be performed in a blind manner. In this paper, we use multi-armed bandits-based algorithms, a variant of machine learning algorithms, to blindly detect the beam directions (both along azimuth and elevation i.e., 3D-beamforming) used for communication by the incumbents. This work paves the way for combining the powerful of machine learning algorithms into 5G unlicensed mmWave systems. Numerical results show the superior performance of these algorithms over techniques that are commonly employed in such blind settings.
研究动机与目标
- 在非授权60GHz频段中,实现对现有毫米波系统(如802.11ad、WiGig)所使用波束方向的实时、盲态检测。
- 克服固定波束或全向感知技术因覆盖范围差和波束分辨率不足而带来的局限性。
- 开发一种基于机器学习的3D波束成形解决方案,可适应未知的干扰源,且无需事先了解占空比、功率电平或CSMA参数。
- 通过识别并利用空间空洞,确保5G毫米波非授权系统具备高谱效率和高吞吐量。
- 提供所提学习算法在学习遗憾方面的理论性能边界,并验证其在时变环境中的适应能力。
提出的方法
- 使用多臂赌博机(MAB)算法,将波束方向选择建模为不确定环境下的序列决策问题。
- 应用MAB变体(如ϵ-贪心和UCB1)根据接收信噪比(SNR)反馈来探索和利用波束方向。
- 通过联合优化方位角和仰角波束赋形,将该框架扩展至3D波束成形。
- 引入漂移适应机制,以跟踪基站-用户对之间动态变化的波束方向。
- 采用基于奖励的学习机制,其中更高的SNR表示更优的波束方向,从而避免干扰。
- 通过理论遗憾分析量化学习性能,并确保收敛至最优波束方向。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1基于MAB的学习算法是否能在未知现有毫米波系统存在的情况下,有效实现实时、盲态的波束方向检测?
- RQ2与传统的盲态技术(如ϵ-贪心和UCB1)相比,基于MAB的波束学习在收敛速度和准确性方面表现如何?
- RQ3波束分辨率(阵列尺寸)在多大程度上影响所提MAB算法的性能增益?
- RQ4所提算法是否能够适应时间变化的波束方向,即现有节点动态改变其通信波束?
- RQ5所提学习算法在学习效率方面的理论性能边界(遗憾)是什么?
主要发现
- 所提的基于MAB的波束学习算法在波束方向检测的收敛速度和准确性方面,优于传统的盲态算法(如ϵ-贪心和UCB1)。
- 随着阵列尺寸增大,性能增益进一步提升,这是由于更高的波束分辨率和更精细的波束选择角度粒度所致。
- 该算法实现了理论遗憾边界,为学习过程收敛至最优波束方向的速度提供了性能保证。
- 通过引入漂移适应机制,该算法成功跟踪了时变环境中动态变化的波束方向。
- 数值结果证实,所提方法可通过识别无干扰的空间空洞,有效实现5G毫米波系统与现有802.11ad和WiGig系统的共存。
- 该方法适用于实时无线环境,其在类似bandit算法的实际实现中已得到可行性验证。
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