[论文解读] Bee$^+$: A 95-mg Four-Winged Insect-Scale Flying Robot Driven by Twinned Unimorph Actuators
Bee+ 是一款重95毫克的四翼微型机器人,采用两对成对的单层压电致动器驱动,可实现独立的翅膀拍打,相比两翼设计具有更高的可控性。该设计通过借鉴四旋翼机的控制器实现了稳定的悬停和姿态控制,与以往的昆虫尺度飞行器相比,表现出更强的偏航稳定性并降低了驱动复杂度。
We introduce Bee$^+$, a 95-mg four-winged microrobot with improved controllability and open-loop-response characteristics with respect to those exhibited by state-of-the-art two-winged microrobots with the same size and similar weight (i.e., the 75-mg Harvard RoboBee). The key innovation that made possible the development of Bee$^+$ is the introduction of an extremely light (28-mg) pair of twinned unimorph actuators, which enabled the design of a new microrobotic mechanism that flaps four wings independently. A first main advantage of the proposed design, compared to those of two-winged flyers, is that by increasing the number of actuators from two to four, the number of direct control inputs increases from three to four when simple sinusoidal excitations are employed. A second advantage of Bee$^+$ is that its four-wing configuration and flapping mode naturally damp the rotational disturbances that commonly affect the yaw degree of freedom of two-winged microrobots. In addition, the proposed design greatly reduces the complexity of the associated fabrication process compared to those of other microrobots, as the unimorph actuators are fairly easy to build. Lastly, we hypothesize that given the relatively low wing-loading affecting their flapping mechanisms, the life expectancy of Bee$^+$s must be considerably higher than those of the two-winged counterparts. The functionality and basic capabilities of the robot are demonstrated through a set of simple control experiments.
研究动机与目标
- 开发一种比现有两翼设计更具可控性和稳定性的昆虫尺度飞行微型机器人。
- 通过增加致动器数量和翅膀数量,解决两翼微型机器人常见的偏航不稳定性问题。
- 通过单体式成对单层压电致动器,在保持高性能的同时降低制造复杂度。
- 展示95毫克飞行机器人在开环响应和闭环姿态与位置控制方面的性能。
- 验证四翼扑翼设计在提升控制能力与降低翼载荷方面的可行性。
提出的方法
- 机器人采用两对单体式成对单层压电致动器,可独立控制四个翅膀。
- 每对致动器以同步拍打模式驱动两片翅膀,将控制自由度从三个提升至四个,增强了控制能力。
- 采用基于四旋翼控制原理的控制策略,结合姿态控制器与位置控制器。
- 通过调节不同拍打幅度和相位差来控制推力方向,以生成所需的净力和力矩。
- 偏航控制采用ISP(跨扫相位)方法,经验证对原型机最为有效。
- 通过动力学分析与仿真,估算推力、阻尼及转向力矩特性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1具备独立驱动的四翼微型机器人是否能比两翼设计展现出更优的可控性?
- RQ2将致动器数量从两个增加到四个,对偏航稳定性和控制能力有何影响?
- RQ3成对单层压电致动器是否能实现紧凑、轻质且易于制造的扑翼机构,适用于昆虫尺度?
- RQ4何种控制策略可实现95毫克飞行微型机器人在稳定悬停与姿态调节中的表现?
- RQ5翼载荷与拍打模式如何影响机器人的开环响应与飞行稳定性?
主要发现
- Bee+ 实现了稳定悬停,滚转与俯仰振荡被限制在±10°以内,表明姿态控制有效。
- 机器人成功起飞并长时间保持直立姿态,证明其具备足够的升力。
- 位置控制实验显示,前1秒内对参考信号实现了近似跟踪,但随后因致动器饱和与积分作用有限而误差逐渐增大。
- ISP方法在三种评估方法中被确定为最有效的偏航控制策略。
- 采用成对单层压电致动器显著降低了制造复杂度,并实现了轻量化、紧凑的设计,致动器质量仅为28毫克。
- 仿真与分析结果证实,四翼构型能自然抑制旋转扰动,相比两翼设计显著提升了偏航稳定性。
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