[论文解读] Behind the Deepfake: 8% Create; 90% Concerned. Surveying public exposure to and perceptions of deepfakes in the UK

Tvesha Sippy, Florence E. Enock+2 more|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 8, 2024

Public Spaces through Art被引用 4

一句话总结

本研究基于对1,403名英国成年人的全国代表性调查，揭示尽管仅有8%的人制作过深度伪造内容，15%的人报告曾接触过有害的深度伪造内容，但90.4%的人对深度伪造风险表示高度担忧。尽管实际接触率较低，公众的恐惧情绪却很高，尤其是女性群体，凸显了亟需加强媒体素养教育和政策干预，以应对虚假内容并重建公众对数字媒体的信任。

ABSTRACT

This article examines public exposure to and perceptions of deepfakes based on insights from a nationally representative survey of 1403 UK adults. The survey is one of the first of its kind since recent improvements in deepfake technology and widespread adoption of political deepfakes. The findings reveal three key insights. First, on average, 15% of people report exposure to harmful deepfakes, including deepfake pornography, deepfake frauds/scams and other potentially harmful deepfakes such as those that spread health/religious misinformation/propaganda. In terms of common targets, exposure to deepfakes featuring celebrities was 50.2%, whereas those featuring politicians was 34.1%. And 5.7% of respondents recall exposure to a selection of high profile political deepfakes in the UK. Second, while exposure to harmful deepfakes was relatively low, awareness of and fears about deepfakes were high (and women were significantly more likely to report experiencing such fears than men). As with fears, general concerns about the spread of deepfakes were also high; 90.4% of the respondents were either very concerned or somewhat concerned about this issue. Most respondents (at least 91.8%) were concerned that deepfakes could add to online child sexual abuse material, increase distrust in information and manipulate public opinion. Third, while awareness about deepfakes was high, usage of deepfake tools was relatively low (8%). Most respondents were not confident about their detection abilities and were trustful of audiovisual content online. Our work highlights how the problem of deepfakes has become embedded in public consciousness in just a few years; it also highlights the need for media literacy programmes and other policy interventions to address the spread of harmful deepfakes.

研究动机与目标

• 衡量英国公众在近期技术进步及高调政治类深度伪造事件后，对深度伪造内容的接触情况与认知态度。
• 评估不同人口统计群体在深度伪造恐惧、对音视频内容信任度以及检测能力自信心方面的差异。
• 评估公众对政策与平台层面干预措施的支持度，以应对有害深度伪造内容。
• 探讨公众对深度伪造风险高度认知与自我报告检测能力信心低之间的差距，尽管普遍信任在线媒体。

提出的方法

• 通过结构化问卷对1,403名英国成年人开展全国代表性在线调查，收集其在深度伪造内容接触、认知与态度方面的数据。
• 收集公众接触三类有害深度伪造内容的数据：非自愿性行为内容、欺诈/诈骗，以及虚假信息（如健康或宗教宣传）。
• 使用李克特量表评估公众的担忧与信任程度，包括对事实核查机构、专家及人工智能检测工具的信任度。
• 分析不同人口统计群体（如年龄、性别、政治关注度）在接触与恐惧感方面的差异。
• 通过多选题形式评估公众对政策偏好的态度，涵盖平台责任、立法措施及教育干预。
• 采用描述性与推断性统计方法分析调查数据，包括列联表分析与卡方检验以评估显著性。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 英国成年人中，有多少比例曾接触过有害的深度伪造内容？哪些人口群体面临更高风险？
• RQ2 公众对深度伪造的恐惧感在性别、年龄及类型（如政治类、色情类、欺诈类）方面有何差异？
• RQ3 尽管普遍担忧深度伪造问题，公众对在线音视频内容的信任程度如何？
• RQ4 公众支持哪些平台与政策层面的干预措施，以减轻有害深度伪造内容的风险？
• RQ5 个人对其识别深度伪造内容的能力有多自信？他们更信任哪些信息来源进行内容验证？

主要发现

• 15%的英国成年人报告曾接触至少一种有害深度伪造内容，其中5.7%回忆起接触过高调的政治类深度伪造内容。
• 接触率最高的是名人相关深度伪造内容（50.2%），其次为政治人物相关（34.1%），男性及年轻群体更可能报告接触过此类内容。
• 90.4%的受访者表示对深度伪造问题存在高度或中等程度的担忧，其中91.8%担心其在传播在线儿童性虐待材料及破坏信息可信度方面的作用。
• 尽管担忧情绪强烈，仍有66%的受访者不确定自己能否识别出深度伪造内容，且70%仍信任在线音视频内容，反映出公众认知中的矛盾现象。
• 女性在深度伪造欺诈（60.7%）、冒犯性虚假形象（50.1%）及非自愿性内容（26.1%）方面的担忧显著高于男性。
• 公众最信任事实核查机构（54.4%）与科学专家（46.3%）用于深度伪造检测，其次为人工智能工具（36.9%），并支持平台举报机制与更严格的立法作为关键政策解决方案。