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[论文解读] Bio-inspired Adaptive Latching System for Towing and Guiding Power-less Floating Platforms with Autonomous Robotic Boats

Luis A. Mateos|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 8, 2020
Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence参考文献 22被引用 6
一句话总结

本文提出一种仿生自适应锁扣系统,使自主机器人船只需利用鱿鱼启发的球窝接头机构,即可安全拖曳并引导无动力、被动漂浮的平台。该系统采用自适应漏斗与驱动受体,引导并锁定在模拟平台上的男性球体上,从而限制其自由度,实现在狭窄运河中的稳定航行。该系统已在阿姆斯特丹运河和查尔斯河上成功完成户外拖曳实验。

ABSTRACT

Autonomous robotic boats are expected to perform several tasks: 1) navigate autonomously in water environments, such as the canals of Amsterdam; 2) perform individual task, such as water monitoring, transporting goods and people; 3) latch together to create floating infrastructure, such as bridges and markets. In this paper we present a novel bio-inspired robotic system for latching, towing and guiding a floating passive-power-less platform. The challenge is to design an adaptive latching mechanism, able to create a secure connection between the entities, easy to attach/detach, even if the boats are affected by water disturbances. But most important, the adaptive latching must be able to restricting the DoF (degrees of freedom) of the latched "dummy" platform. Since, the robotic boat may drive it in narrow water canals and must prevent it from drifting and hitting the wall. This novel adaptive latching mechanism is based on the ball and socket joint that allows rotation and free movements in two planes at the same time. It consists of two parts: the male part that includes a bearing stud (ball) integrated on the floating bin "dummy" and the female part located on the autonomous robotic boat. Which integrates an adaptive framed funnel to guide the male ball into an actuated receptor that traps the ball, creating the ball-socket joint between the boats. In this sense, the adaptive latching mechanism mimics squid's tentacles that can adjust the forces applied to a holding object restricting its degrees of freedom. Experimental results are presented from our swarm robotic boats integrating the adaptive latching system and performing the towing and guiding use cases.

研究动机与目标

  • 使自主机器人船能够在真实水域环境中动态连接并引导被动、无动力漂浮平台。
  • 解决在拖曳过程中因水流扰动导致连接不稳定及自由度难以限制的挑战。
  • 开发一种机械可靠的锁扣机构,使连接无需依赖被动平台上的电源或传感器。
  • 通过自适应刚度控制,限制平台漂移和碰撞风险,实现在狭窄运河中的精确拖曳。
  • 在室内和室外环境中验证系统性能,包括阿姆斯特丹运河等复杂城市水道。

提出的方法

  • 锁扣机构采用鱿鱼触手启发的球窝接头结构,被动平台上设有男性球体,机器人船上设有女性驱动受体。
  • 自适应框架漏斗可将男性球体引导至受体中,降低对精度的要求,并补偿因水流扰动引起的对准偏差。
  • 基于视觉的控制器利用摄像头标签检测,估算目标平台的姿态与朝向,实现精确接近与锁扣。
  • 系统集成三维激光雷达、RTK GPS、IMU 和双目摄像头,实现锁扣与拖曳过程中的鲁棒定位与导航。
  • 实现两种工作模式:1自由度(对称驱动)与2自由度(非对称驱动),支持带或不带角度偏移的受控拖曳。
  • 锁扣过程分为三个阶段:引导(基于视觉导航)、对接(漏斗引导插入)和锁紧(驱动球窝锁住球体,形成球铰接)。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在动态水域环境中,自主机器人船是否能以极低精度要求可靠地锁扣到被动、无动力漂浮平台上?
  • RQ2锁扣机构如何有效限制被动平台的自由度,以防止在狭窄运河中发生漂移和撞墙?
  • RQ3仿生自适应漏斗与驱动球窝在锁扣过程中,能在多大程度上补偿水流扰动引起的对准偏差?
  • RQ4系统是否仅依靠机器人船的传感器与执行器,即可维持稳定连接并实现对被动平台的受控拖曳?
  • RQ5系统在真实户外环境(如阿姆斯特丹运河和查尔斯河)中的表现如何?

主要发现

  • 当相对位置在x方向小于900 mm、y方向±40 mm以内、偏航角在±27.5°以内时,机器人船成功锁扣到被动平台上,并在水流扰动下保持稳定连接。
  • 锁扣后,系统将俯仰与横摇振荡抑制至≤±1°,表明对锁扣平台具有有效的阻尼与稳定作用。
  • 2自由度自适应锁扣系统实现了机器人船与被动平台间6°角度偏移下的拖曳,证明了在曲线路径中实现受控引导的能力。
  • 系统在室内游泳池测试与室外查尔斯河及阿姆斯特丹运河试验中均实现了可靠锁扣与拖曳。
  • 基于视觉的控制器实现了精确的姿态估计与锁扣,且无需在被动平台上加装传感器或推进器,证明了其在真实场景部署的可行性。

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