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[论文解读] Blockchain moderated by empty blocks to reduce the energetic impact of crypto-moneys

Philippe Jacquet, Bernard Mans|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 23, 2018
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security参考文献 27被引用 7
一句话总结

本文提出一种新型区块链协议,通过用受控的“空块”序列替代非 nonce 机制,消除工作量证明(Proof-of-Work)中高能耗的计算过程,从而调节区块生成速率。该方案在不依赖网络规模的前提下,确保可调节且有界的并行挖矿并发性,通过绿色领导者选举类比与博弈论分析,实现能源效率、可扩展性以及对 51% 攻击的抗性。

ABSTRACT

While cryptocurrencies and blockchain applications continue to gain popularity, their energy cost is evidently becoming unsustainable. In most instances, the main cost comes from the required amount of energy for the Proof-of-Work, and this cost is inherent to the design. In addition, useless costs from discarded work (e.g., the so-called Forks) and lack of scalability (in number of users and in rapid transactions) limit their practical effectiveness. In this paper, we present an innovative scheme which eliminates the nonce and thus the burden of the Proof-of-Work which is the main cause of the energy waste in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. We prove that our scheme guarantees a tunable and bounded average number of simultaneous mining whatever the size of the population in competition, thus by making the use of nonce-based techniques unnecessary, achieves scalability without the cost of consuming a large volume of energy. The technique used in the proof of our scheme is based on the analogy of the analysis of a green leader election. The additional difference with Proof-of-Work schemes (beyond the suppression of the nonce field that is triggering most of the waste), is the introduction of (what we denote as) "empty blocks" which aim are to call regular blocks following a staircase set of values. Our scheme reduces the risk of Forks and provides tunable scalability for the number of users and the speed of block generation. We also prove using game theoretical analysis that our scheme is resilient to unfair competitive investments (e.g., "51 percent" attack) and block nursing.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决比特币等加密货币中工作量证明带来的不可持续能源消耗问题。
  • 消除基于 nonce 的挖矿带来的计算浪费,将能源成本降低至可持续水平。
  • 在不依赖高能耗挖矿的前提下,实现可扩展、公平且安全的区块生成。
  • 设计一种无需许可、分布式的协议,确保无论矿工参与度如何,系统均保持活性与公平性。
  • 通过博弈论建模证明协议对常见攻击(如 51% 攻击和区块囤积)的鲁棒性。

提出的方法

  • 协议用一系列‘空块’替代传统的工作量证明,这些空块作为受控的、阶梯状的触发机制,用于调控常规区块的生成。
  • 通过基于几何级数的成功概率序列,调节区块生成的概率,实现可调的挖矿速率。
  • 系统采用分布式的隐式空块挖矿机制,避免对中心化机构的依赖。
  • 使用绿色领导者选举类比,对挖矿尝试的平均并发性进行建模与证明,确保其有界。
  • 采用博弈论框架分析激励机制,证明诸如区块囤积等不公平策略的收益更低。
  • 通过梅林变换进行渐近分析,推导出矿工相对算力下长期成功概率的函数表达式。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否设计一种区块链协议,在消除工作量证明能源浪费的同时,保持安全性与可扩展性?
  • RQ2在无需依赖计算难题的去中心化、无许可系统中,如何调控区块挖矿速率?
  • RQ3矿工参与度的变化对所提方案中平均并发挖矿尝试次数有何影响?
  • RQ4该协议是否对战略性攻击(如 51% 攻击和区块囤积)具有鲁棒性?
  • RQ5能否使挖矿成功概率独立于个体算力,从而确保公平性?

主要发现

  • 所提协议保证了可调节且有界的平均并行挖矿尝试次数,且不受网络规模影响。
  • 通过移除 nonce 并以受控的空块序列替代,实现了能源效率,彻底消除了大部分能源浪费。
  • 当两名矿工算力相等时,其成功挖矿的概率收敛于 1/2;当一方算力占主导时,其概率趋于 0,证明了公平性。
  • 函数 $ L(x) $(表示相对算力为 $ x $ 的矿工的长期成功概率)满足 $ L(1) = 1/2 $,$ \lim_{x\to 0} L(x) = 1 $,且 $ \lim_{x\to\infty} L(x) = 0 $,证实对 51% 攻击具有抗性。
  • 协议可被证明对区块囤积具有鲁棒性,因为此类策略的收益天然低于诚实挖矿。
  • 渐近分析表明,成功概率函数 $ L(x) $ 在 $ x $ 较大时的行为近似为 $ \sim \frac{p - 1/p}{2x\log p} $,证实过度投资的收益递减。

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