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[论文解读] Bobtail: A Proof-of-Work Target that Minimizes Blockchain Mining Variance (Draft)

George Bissias, Brian Neil Levine|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 25, 2017
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security参考文献 14被引用 10
一句话总结

该论文提出 Bobtail,一种新型的工作量证明(Proof-of-Work)挖矿协议,通过使用 k 个最低阶哈希统计值的均值(而非当前系统中仅使用最低的一个哈希,即 k=1)来减少区块链的区块间时间方差。通过增大 k,Bobtail 显著降低了双重支付和自私挖矿攻击的成功率——例如,当 k≥40 时,40% 攻击者的成功率从 53% 下降至 1% 以下,同时保持平均区块时间并最小化孤块数量。

ABSTRACT

Blockchain systems are designed to produce blocks at a constant average rate. The most popular systems currently employ a Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm as a means of creating these blocks. Bitcoin produces, on average, one block every 10 minutes. An unfortunate limitation of all deployed PoW blockchain systems is that the time between blocks has high variance. For example, 5% of the time, Bitcoin's inter-block time is at least 40 minutes. This variance impedes the consistent flow of validated transactions through the system. We propose an alternative process for PoW-based block discovery that results in an inter-block time with significantly lower variance. Our algorithm, called Bobtail, generalizes the current algorithm by comparing the mean of the k lowest order statistics to a target. We show that the variance of inter-block times decreases as k increases. If our approach were applied to Bitcoin, about 80% of blocks would be found within 7 to 12 minutes, and nearly every block would be found within 5 to 18 minutes; the average inter-block time would remain at 10 minutes. Further, we show that low-variance mining significantly thwarts doublespend and selfish mining attacks. For Bitcoin and Ethereum currently (k=1), an attacker with 40% of the mining power will succeed with 30% probability when the merchant sets up an embargo of 8 blocks; however, when k>=20, the probability of success falls to less than 1%. Similarly, for Bitcoin and Ethereum currently, a selfish miner with 40% of the mining power will claim about 66% of blocks; however, when k>=5, the same miner will find that selfish mining is less successful than honest mining. The cost of our approach is a larger block header.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决现有工作量证明区块链中区块间时间方差过高的问题,该问题会损害安全性和交易可靠性。
  • 降低双重支付和自私挖矿等基础攻击的有效性,这些攻击利用了该方差。
  • 设计一种挖矿协议,在不显著增加区块大小或网络开销的前提下,保持低方差。
  • 识别并缓解由所提出的方差减少机制引入的新攻击向量。
  • 通过最小化协议变更和激励兼容规则,确保向后兼容性和实际部署可行性。

提出的方法

  • Bobtail 通过要求一组哈希值中 k 个最低阶哈希值(k 阶统计量)的平均值低于目标值 t,来推广标准 PoW,而非仅要求最小值。
  • 协议将第 k 个阶统计量和 k 个最小值的均值作为集体挖矿证明,当该均值 ≤ 目标值时触发区块发现。
  • 该方法基于在 [0, S] 上的离散均匀分布的顺序统计量进行形式化分析,其中 S = 2^256 - 1。
  • 区块发现时间的方差被解析推导,表明其随 k 呈 O(1/k) 的比例缩放,即随着 k 增大,方差显著降低。
  • 引入一种奖励机制,优先考虑矿工自身的证明,并按证明到达顺序选择,以抑制隐瞒攻击。
  • 提出一种交易处理策略,通过确保矿工在接收到冲突交易过晚时予以丢弃,防止奖励拒绝攻击。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1增加 k(即挖矿中使用的最低阶统计量数量)对工作量证明区块链中区块间时间方差有何影响?
  • RQ2与标准 PoW(k=1)相比,Bobtail 在多大程度上降低了双重支付和自私挖矿攻击的成功概率?
  • RQ3Bobtail 引入了哪些新攻击向量?能否通过最小化协议变更有效缓解?
  • RQ4与现有系统相比,Bobtail 对孤块率和网络效率有何影响?
  • RQ5能否设计出激励兼容规则,以防止在 Bobtail 下发生区块内隐瞒和奖励拒绝攻击?

主要发现

  • 与标准 PoW(k=1)相比,Bobtail 将区块间时间方差降低了 O(1/k) 的因子,显著稳定了区块生成。
  • 对于比特币和以太坊,当 k≥40 时,40% 攻击者在双重支付攻击中的成功率从 k=1 时的 53% 降至 1% 以下。
  • 当 k≥20 时,拥有网络 49% 算力的自私挖矿者发现,诚实挖矿比自私挖矿更具盈利能力,从而消除了此类攻击的动机。
  • 该协议在保持 10 分钟平均区块时间(与比特币一致)的同时,将区块间时间变化范围实际降低至 5–18 分钟。
  • 孤块率未因 Bobtail 而上升,且协议对 eclipse 攻击和隐瞒攻击仍具鲁棒性。
  • 虽然可能存在新的区块内隐瞒和奖励拒绝攻击,但可通过简单且激励兼容的证明选择与交易处理规则有效缓解。

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