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[论文解读] Breakdown of the Newton-Einstein Standard Gravity at Low Acceleration in Internal Dynamics of Wide Binary Stars

Kyu‐Hyun Chae|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 8, 2023
Geophysics and Gravity Measurements被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究基于盖亚DR3中的26,615颗宽双星,检验在低加速度下的牛顿-爱因斯坦引力理论。通过去投影的三维运动学分析,并将观测加速度与牛顿理论预测值进行比较,发现在 $ g_{\rm{N}} \lesssim 10^{-9}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $ 时存在10σ的显著偏差,$ 10^{-10.15}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $ 处的 $ \delta_{\rm{obs-newt}} = 0.109 \pm 0.013 $,强烈支持修正引力理论而非标准引力,且与AQUAL理论预测一致。

ABSTRACT

A gravitational anomaly is found at weak gravitational acceleration $g_{ m{N}} < 10^{-9}$ m s$^{-2}$ from analyses of the dynamics of wide binary stars selected from the Gaia DR3 database that have accurate distances, proper motions, and reliably inferred stellar masses. Implicit high-order multiplicities are required and the multiplicity fraction is calibrated so that binary internal motions agree statistically with Newtonian dynamics at a high enough acceleration of $10^{-8}$ m s$^{-2}$. The observed sky-projected motions and separation are deprojected to the three-dimensional relative velocity $v$ and separation $r$ through a Monte Carlo method, and a statistical relation between the Newtonian acceleration $g_{ m{N}} \equiv GM/r^2$ (where $M$ is the total mass of the binary system) and a kinematic acceleration $g \equiv v^2/r$ is compared with the corresponding relation predicted by Newtonian dynamics. The empirical acceleration relation at $< 10^{-9}$ m s$^{-2}$ systematically deviates from the Newtonian expectation. A gravitational anomaly parameter $δ_{ m{obs-newt}}$ between the observed acceleration at $g_{ m{N}}$ and the Newtonian prediction is measured to be: $δ_{ m{obs-newt}}= 0.034\pm 0.007$ and $0.109\pm 0.013$ at $g_{ m{N}}\approx10^{-8.91}$ and $10^{-10.15}$ m s$^{-2}$, from the main sample of 26,615 wide binaries within 200 pc. These two deviations in the same direction represent a $10σ$ significance. The deviation represents a direct evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity at weak acceleration. At $g_{ m{N}}=10^{-10.15}$ m s$^{-2}$, the observed to Newton predicted acceleration ratio is $g_{ m{obs}}/g_{ m{pred}}=10^{\sqrt{2}δ_{ m{obs-newt}}}=1.43\pm 0.06$. This systematic deviation agrees with the boost factor that the AQUAL theory predicts for kinematic accelerations in circular orbits under the Galactic external field.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用宽双星系统检验弱引力加速度($ \lesssim 10^{-9}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $)下的牛顿-爱因斯坦引力有效性。
  • 解决宽双星样本中投影效应、未知轨道倾角及隐藏多合星等观测挑战。
  • 确定观测到的动力学偏离牛顿动力学的现象是否可由AQUAL等修正引力理论解释,而非暗物质或修正惯性理论。
  • 校准宽双星的多重性比例,以确保在较高加速度($ \approx 10^{-8}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $)下与牛顿动力学保持一致,作为基准参考。
  • 提供标准引力在低加速度下失效的直接实证证据,且不依赖于暗物质假设。

提出的方法

  • 从盖亚DR3中选取26,615颗宽双星,距离、自行和恒星质量测量准确,且位于200 pc以内。
  • 采用蒙特卡洛去投影方法,将天空投影的二维自行和分离度转换为三维相对速度 $ v $ 和分离度 $ r $,以考虑未知轨道倾角的影响。
  • 计算牛顿加速度 $ g_{\rm{N}} = GM/r^2 $ 和运动学加速度 $ g = v^2/r $,将实测 $ g_{\rm{obs}} $ 与预测 $ g_{\rm{pred}} $ 的关系与牛顿理论预期进行比较。
  • 通过校准多重性比例,确保在 $ \sim 10^{-8}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $ 下与牛顿理论一致,以修正表观宽双星中隐藏伴星的影响。
  • 定义引力异常参数 $ \delta_{\rm{obs-newt}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \log_{10} \left( \frac{g_{\rm{obs}}}{g_{\rm{pred}}} \right) $,以量化与牛顿预测的偏离程度。
  • 通过将观测到的异常幅度与趋势与AQUAL理论在外部场效应下对圆轨道运动学加速度的预测增益因子进行比较,检验其与AQUAL理论的一致性。
Figure 1: A color-magnitude diagram for wide binaries with 80 pc is shown for primaries (the brighter components) and secondaries. $M_{G}$ is the Gaia DR3 $G$ -band absolute magnitudes with distances from parallaxes, and BP $-$ RP is a Gaia DR3 color. The clean and strict samples are indicated by co
Figure 1: A color-magnitude diagram for wide binaries with 80 pc is shown for primaries (the brighter components) and secondaries. $M_{G}$ is the Gaia DR3 $G$ -band absolute magnitudes with distances from parallaxes, and BP $-$ RP is a Gaia DR3 color. The clean and strict samples are indicated by co

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于宽双星动力学推断的引力加速度低于 $ 10^{-9}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $ 时,牛顿-爱因斯坦引力是否仍然成立?
  • RQ2投影效应、未知倾角和隐藏伴星等观测效应在多大程度上影响宽双星运动学的解释?
  • RQ3观测到的动力学偏离牛顿预测是否与AQUAL等修正引力理论的预测一致,还是更支持暗物质或修正惯性理论?
  • RQ4观测异常的幅度和趋势能否通过AQUAL理论对运动学加速度的预测增益因子进行定量匹配?
  • RQ5在低加速度区域,与牛顿动力学的偏离具有多高的统计显著性?是否可排除标准引力?

主要发现

  • 在 $ g_{\rm{N}} \lesssim 10^{-9}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $ 时观测到显著偏离牛顿动力学,主样本26,615颗宽双星中具有10σ的显著性。
  • 在 $ g_{\rm{N}} \approx 10^{-10.15}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $ 处,观测值与预测值的加速度比为 $ g_{\rm{obs}}/g_{\rm{pred}} = 1.43 \pm 0.06 $,对应 $ \delta_{\rm{obs-newt}} = 0.109 \pm 0.013 $。
  • 在 $ g_{\rm{N}} \approx 10^{-8.91}~\text{m~s}^{-2} $ 处的引力异常给出 $ \delta_{\rm{obs-newt}} = 0.034 \pm 0.007 $,表明在两个低加速度区域中偏离方向一致。
  • 观测到的异常幅度与趋势与AQUAL理论在银河系外部场效应下对圆轨道运动学加速度的预测增益因子高度一致。
  • 结果强烈支持修正引力(特别是AQUAL型理论)而非修正惯性或暗物质解释,因为该异常与标准引力不一致,且无法由隐藏伴星或投影效应解释。
  • 研究结果表明,标准牛顿-爱因斯坦理论在低加速度下失效,暗示暗物质可能并非必需,且标准宇宙学模型可能需要修正。
Figure 2: The first and second columns show relative uncertainties (taking the larger of the two uncertainties) of distances and proper motions (PMs) with respect to $d_{M}$ (weighted mean distance of the two components) for the clean (upper) and strict (lower) ranges of $M_{G}$ . The third column s
Figure 2: The first and second columns show relative uncertainties (taking the larger of the two uncertainties) of distances and proper motions (PMs) with respect to $d_{M}$ (weighted mean distance of the two components) for the clean (upper) and strict (lower) ranges of $M_{G}$ . The third column s

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