[论文解读] CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs II. High-resolution imaging with FastCam
本研究利用FastCam幸运成像仪对490颗中晚期M型矮星进行了高分辨率成像,以探测低质量恒星伴星并测量其多重性。研究报告了在投影分离距离1.4–65.6 au范围内的偏差校正后多重性分数为19.5 ± 2.3%,峰值出现在2.5–7.5 au,共发现30颗新伴星,显著支持了CARMENES系外行星调查的目标选择。
Aims: We search for low-mass companions of M dwarfs and characterize their multiplicity fraction with the purpose of helping in the selection of the most appropriate targets for the CARMENES exoplanet survey. Methods: We obtained high-resolution images in the I band with the lucky imaging instrument FastCam at the 1.5 m Telescopio Carlos Sanchez for 490 mid- to late-M dwarfs. For all the detected binaries, we measured angular separations, position angles, and magnitude differences in the I band. We also calculated the masses of each individual component and estimated orbital periods, using the available magnitude and colour relations for M dwarfs and our own MJ-spectral type and mass-MI relations. To avoid biases in our sample selection, we built a volume-limited sample of M0.0-M5.0 dwarfs that is complete up to 86% within 14 pc. Results: From the 490 observed stars, we detected 80 companions in 76 systems, of which 30 are new discoveries. The multiplicity fraction in our observed sample is 16.7+-2.0% . In our volume-limited sample it is 19.5+-2.3% for angular separations of 0.2 to 5.0 arcsec (1.4-65.6 au), The distribution of the projected physical separations peaks at 2.5-7.5 au. For M0.0-M3.5 V primaries, our search is sensitive to mass ratios higher than 0.3. Binaries with projected physical separations shorter than 50 au tend to be of equal mass. For 26 of our systems, we estimated orbital periods shorter than 50 a, 10 of which are presented here for the first time. We measured variations in angular separation and position angle that are due to orbital motions in 17 of these systems. The contribution of binaries and multiples with angular separations shorter than 0.2 arcsec, longer than 5.0 arcsec, and of spectroscopic binaries identified from previous searches, although not complete, may increase the multiplicity fraction of M dwarfs in our volume-limited sample to at least 36%.
研究动机与目标
- 测量1.4–65.6 au范围内M型矮星的多重性分数,以支持CARMENES系外行星调查的目标选择。
- 利用高分辨率成像探测并表征M型矮星周围的低质量恒星伴星。
- 通过在14 pc内构建体积受限且完整的样本,校正多重性测量中的观测偏差。
- 估算检测到的双星系统的轨道参数和质量比,特别关注投影分离距离<50 au的系统。
- 评估未分辨双星(成像、光谱和宽距系统)对M型矮星总多重性分数的贡献。
提出的方法
- 使用位于1.5米Telescopio Carlos Sánchez望远镜的FastCam幸运成像仪,对490颗中晚期M型矮星进行了$ I $-波段高分辨率成像。
- 测量所有检测到的伴星的角分离、位置角和$ I $-波段星等差值。
- 利用从数据中导出的M J -光谱型与$ M_I $-质量关系,估算各组分的质量和轨道周期。
- 构建一个体积受限的M0.0–M5.0型矮星样本,其在14 pc内完成度达86%,以校正选择偏差。
- 将本研究结果与先前调查中已知的光谱双星和宽距双星系统结合,估算总多重性分数。
- 通过径向速度和天体测量监测,确认17个系统中分离距离和位置角发生可测量变化的轨道运动。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在偏差校正后,M型矮星在投影分离距离1.4–65.6 au范围内的真实多重性分数是多少?
- RQ2M型矮星双星的质量比和轨道参数如何随投影物理分离距离变化,特别是在50 au以下?
- RQ3未分辨双星(光谱和宽距系统)对M型矮星总多重性分数的贡献是多少?
- RQ4多重性分数如何随光谱型变化,特别是对于M0.0–M3.5 V型主星?
- RQ5检测到的系统中轨道运动在多大程度上证实了物理束缚性,并允许周期估计?
主要发现
- 在体积受限样本中,M型矮星在0.2–5.0角秒角分离范围(对应1.4–65.6 au的物理投影分离)的偏差校正后多重性分数为19.5 ± 2.3%。
- 投影物理分离距离的分布峰值出现在2.5–7.5 au,表明双星在此范围内集中。
- 对于M0.0–M3.5 V型主星,本调查对质量比>0.3的系统具有敏感性,且在质量比>0.8的系统中密度更高。
- 投影分离距离<50 au的双星更倾向于等质量组分,表明形成或动力学约束的存在。
- 在17个系统中检测到轨道运动,其中10个系统首次获得轨道周期,26个系统估计周期<50年。
- 将先前调查中未分辨双星(包括光谱和宽距系统)纳入后,体积受限样本中M型矮星的总多重性分数可能至少达到36%。
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