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[论文解读] Cascaded multitask U-Net using topological loss for vessel segmentation and centerline extraction

Pierre Rougé, Nicolas Passat|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 21, 2023
Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases被引用 6
一句话总结

本文提出一种级联多任务U-Net,用可学习的基于U-Net的骨架化器替代可微分的软骨架算法,以计算clDice损失,从而实现3D血管分割中的拓扑约束学习。该方法显著提升了拓扑准确性,尤其在保持血管连通性和中心线拓扑结构方面表现优异,在3D时间飞越MRA数据上优于基线方法。

ABSTRACT

Vessel segmentation and centerline extraction are two crucial preliminary tasks for many computer-aided diagnosis tools dealing with vascular diseases. Recently, deep-learning based methods have been widely applied to these tasks. However, classic deep-learning approaches struggle to capture the complex geometry and specific topology of vascular networks, which is of the utmost importance in most applications. To overcome these limitations, the clDice loss, a topological loss that focuses on the vessel centerlines, has been recently proposed. This loss requires computing, with a proposed soft-skeleton algorithm, the skeletons of both the ground truth and the predicted segmentation. However, the soft-skeleton algorithm provides suboptimal results on 3D images, which makes the clDice hardly suitable on 3D images. In this paper, we propose to replace the soft-skeleton algorithm by a U-Net which computes the vascular skeleton directly from the segmentation. We show that our method provides more accurate skeletons than the soft-skeleton algorithm. We then build upon this network a cascaded U-Net trained with the clDice loss to embed topological constraints during the segmentation. The resulting model is able to predict both the vessel segmentation and centerlines with a more accurate topology.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决医学影像中低分辨率、噪声较大的人体血管数据的3D血管分割拓扑准确性挑战。
  • 克服软骨架算法在3D中产生的次优骨架,阻碍有效clDice损失计算的局限性。
  • 通过在多任务U-Net架构中学习可微分的骨架化网络,提升分割过程中血管拓扑结构的保持能力。
  • 实现端到端训练的分割模型,联合预测血管体积与中心线,通过clDice损失提升拓扑保真度。

提出的方法

  • 用专用U-Net替代可微分的软骨架算法,从预测分割中学习骨架化,提升3D中的骨架准确性。
  • 在将骨架化U-Net整合到级联多任务U-Net架构前,先在真实分割数据上独立训练该骨架化网络。
  • 构建级联U-Net,其中分割头将第一阶段网络预测的骨架作为输入,用于计算clDice损失。
  • 通过加权组合clDice与Dice损失实现联合优化,使用超参数λ₁ = 0.25和λ₂ = 0.25,同时冻结骨架化网络的权重。
  • 使用clDice度量,其聚焦于中心线相似性,作为主要损失以在训练中强制实现拓扑正确性。
  • 将该方法应用于3D时间飞越MRA数据,通过DSC、clDice、精确率、敏感度和拓扑误差等指标评估性能。
Figure 1: The baseline U-Net architecture used in the proposed approach (see Section 2.2 ). The output of this network is either the vascular segmentation (as shown here) or the vascular skeleton, depending on the chosen task.
Figure 1: The baseline U-Net architecture used in the proposed approach (see Section 2.2 ). The output of this network is either the vascular segmentation (as shown here) or the vascular skeleton, depending on the chosen task.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1可学习的基于U-Net的骨架化器在3D医学图像中是否能产生比软骨架算法更准确的骨架?
  • RQ2用学习到的骨架化器替代软骨架是否能提升3D TOF MRA中血管分割的拓扑质量?
  • RQ3使用clDice损失与学习骨架化器的级联多任务U-Net是否能实现优于基线方法的分割与中心线准确性?
  • RQ4与标准U-Net及基于软骨架的U-Net(clDice)相比,该方法在拓扑误差与连通性保持方面表现如何?

主要发现

  • 学习到的U-Net骨架化器在所有拓扑度量(χ误差、β₀、β₁及骨架化误差)上均显著优于软骨架算法,p值均< 0.001。
  • 与U-Net(Dice)基线相比,级联多任务U-Net在χ误差上实现了24.3%的相对降低(0.379 ± 0.186 vs. 0.495 ± 0.187),p < 0.001。
  • 与U-Net(Dice+clDice)基线相比,β₁误差显著降低(0.170 ± 0.104 vs. 0.212 ± 0.137),p = 0.02。
  • 尽管DSC与clDice得分相似,但所提方法表现出更高的敏感度(0.746 ± 0.040)并减少了假阴性,表明对连通血管结构的检测能力更强。
  • 图3的定性结果表明,所提方法能更有效地重新连接远端血管分支,更有效地保持拓扑结构。
  • 尽管精确率略低,该方法在拓扑度量上仍优于U-Net(Dice+clDice)基线,表明其在连通性优先于严格边界准确性的权衡中更具优势。
Figure 2: Architecture of the proposed cascaded U-Net (see Section 2.2 ).
Figure 2: Architecture of the proposed cascaded U-Net (see Section 2.2 ).

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