[论文解读] Causal inference with recurrent and competing events
本文使用反事实框架形式化了具有竞争风险的重复事件的因果 estimand,通过计数过程将其与经典统计 estimand 联系起来。引入了新的因果效应——受控直接效应、总效应和可分效应——使用单世界干预图(SWIGs),并建立了识别条件,证明了在时间离散化足够精细时所提出估计量的一致性。
Many research questions concern treatment effects on outcomes that can recur several times in the same individual. For example, medical researchers are interested in treatment effects on hospitalizations in heart failure patients and sports injuries in athletes. Competing events, such as death, complicate causal inference in studies of recurrent events because once a competing event occurs, an individual cannot have more recurrent events. Several statistical estimands have been studied in recurrent event settings, with and without competing events. However, the causal interpretations of these estimands, and the conditions that are required to identify these estimands from observed data, have yet to be formalized. Here we use a formal framework for causal inference to formulate several causal estimands in recurrent event settings, with and without competing events. We clarify when commonly used classical statistical estimands can be interpreted as causal quantities from the causal mediation literature, such as (controlled) direct effects and total effects. Furthermore, we show that recent results on interventionist mediation estimands allow us to define new causal estimands with recurrent and competing events that may be of particular clinical relevance in many subject matter settings. We use causal directed acyclic graphs and single world intervention graphs to illustrate how to reason about identification conditions for the various causal estimands based on subject matter knowledge. Furthermore, using results on counting processes, we show that our causal estimands and their identification conditions, which are articulated in discrete time, converge to classical continuous time counterparts in the limit of fine discretizations of time.
研究动机与目标
- 使用反事实框架,在存在竞争事件的重复事件设定中形式化因果 estimand。
- 阐明在存在竞争事件时,经典统计 estimand(如直接效应和总效应)的因果解释。
- 使用干预性中介框架定义新型因果 estimand(特别是可分效应),以提升临床可解释性。
- 利用领域知识和因果图,建立这些 estimand 的识别条件。
- 证明在时间离散化足够精细时,离散时间因果 estimand 收敛于其连续时间对应物。
提出的方法
- 使用反事实框架定义重复事件的因果 estimand,包括受控直接效应、总效应和可分效应。
- 应用单世界干预图(SWIGs)和因果有向无环图(CDAGs)来表示和推理识别条件。
- 利用计数过程理论,证明当时间变得越来越细时时,离散时间因果 estimand 收敛于经典连续时间 estimand。
- 为每个因果函数提出一致估计量,利用对风险模型的正确设定。
- 引入修改后的治疗干预以定义可分效应,实现对治疗成分的分解。
- 通过模拟验证估计量,每组治疗臂包含 1000 名个体,确认在模型正确设定下点估计无偏。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1如何使用反事实在具有竞争风险的重复事件设定中正式定义因果 estimand?
- RQ2在特定识别条件下,哪些经典统计 estimand(如事件平均数)可被解释为因果效应?
- RQ3当存在如死亡等竞争事件时,受控直接效应的因果解释是什么?
- RQ4当治疗成分在概念上可分离时,如何定义和识别可分效应?
- RQ5在重复事件模型中,离散时间因果 estimand 在何种条件下收敛于其连续时间对应物?
主要发现
- 受控直接效应仅在消除了竞争事件的干预被明确定义时才具有可解释性,而这种情况在实践中往往不成立。
- 可分效应对应于一个明确定义的干预,其中治疗成分被独立分配,从而实现更清晰的因果解释。
- 识别直接效应和可分效应需要测量重复事件与竞争事件的共同原因,即使在随机化试验中也是如此。
- 所提出的估计量在模型正确设定下具有一致性,模拟结果(每组 1000 名个体)已证实。
- 当时间离散化变得越来越细时时,离散时间因果 estimand 收敛于经典连续时间 estimand,验证了理论框架的合理性。
- 该框架可通过显式的识别条件将标准重复事件 estimand 映射为因果效应,增强了透明度和可解释性。
更好的研究,从现在开始
从阅读论文到最终审阅,大幅缩短您的研究时间。
无需绑定信用卡
本解读由 AI 生成,并经人工编辑审核。