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[论文解读] Cluster Disruption: From infant mortality to long term survival

N. Bastian|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 11, 2011
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies参考文献 1被引用 7
一句话总结

本文挑戰了傳統的星團嬰兒期死亡理論,即星團因氣體排出而瓦解,主張大多數恆星實際上形成於未受約束的星協,這些星協會自然地分散;而大質量星團則因初始處於亞virial狀態而早期穩定。M83星團族群的觀測顯示,外區星團存活時間更長,支持以質量為基礎的破壞機制,且在約10⁵ M⊙處存在截斷,當關鍵參數調整後,質量依賴與質量獨立的破壞模型皆可符合數據。

ABSTRACT

How stellar clusters disrupt, and over what timescales, is intimately linked with how they form. Here, we review the theory and observations of cluster disruption, both the suggested initial rapid dissolution phase (infant mortality) and the longer timescale processes that affect clusters after they emerge from their progenitor GMCs. Over the past decade, the standard paradigm that has developed is that all/most stars are formed in clusters and that the vast majority of these groups are disrupted over short timescales (< 10 Myr). This is thought to be due to the removal of the left over gas from the star-formation process, known as infant mortality. However, recent results have suggested that the fraction of stars that form in clusters has been overestimated, with the majority being formed in unbound groups (i.e. associations) which expand and disrupt without the need of invoking gas removal. Dynamical measurements of young massive clusters in the Galaxy suggest that clusters reach a stable equilibrium at very young (<3 Myr) ages, suggesting that gas expulsion has little effect on the cluster. After the early dynamical phase, clusters appear to be long lived and stable objects. We use the recent WFC3 image of the cluster population in M83 to test empirical disruption laws and find that the lifetime of clusters strongly depends on their ambient environment. While the role of cluster mass is less well constrained (due to the added parameter of the form of the cluster mass function), we find evidence suggesting that higher mass clusters survive longer, and that the cluster mass function (at least in M83, outside the nuclear region) is truncated above ~10^5Msun.

研究动机与目标

  • 重新評估透過氣體排出導致星團破壞的標準理論及其嬰兒期死亡現象。
  • 評估大多數恆星是否形成於受約束的星團,或形成於無氣體移除即會分散的未受約束星協。
  • 利用哈勃太空望遠鏡WFC3在M83取得的數據,測試質量依賴(MDD)與質量獨立(MID)破壞法則的有效性。
  • 確定初始條件(特別是virial狀態與有效恆星形成效率)在星團氣體排出後的存活中所扮演的角色。
  • 約束星團質量函數的截斷尺度及其環境依存性。

提出的方法

  • 分析哈勃太空望遠鏡WFC3對M83星團族群的觀測,區分銀河內區與外區觀測場。
  • 使用Schechter質量函數對年齡/質量圖進行最大概似度擬合。
  • 測試兩種破壞模型:質量依賴破壞(MDD)與質量獨立破壞(MID),允許自由參數包括F_MID、t_4與M_c。
  • 將模型預測與觀測到的星團年齡與質量分佈進行比較,並納入完整度限制。
  • 利用銀河系與大麥哲侖星雲中年輕大質量星團的動力學測量結果,評估其在年輕年齡時的virial狀態與穩定性。
  • 整合SPH模擬與N體模型的結果,評估初始亞virial狀態與有效恆星形成效率對星團抗毀能力的影響。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1由氣體排出驅動的嬰兒期死亡理論,是否仍能有效解釋星團破壞現象?
  • RQ2大多數恆星是否形成於受約束的星團,還是形成於無氣體移除即會分散的未受約束星協?
  • RQ3初始條件(如亞virial運動與有效恆星形成效率)在氣體排出後對星團存活的影響有多大?
  • RQ4哪種破壞法則——質量依賴或質量獨立——更能解釋M83中觀測到的星團族群?
  • RQ5星團壽命的環境依存性為何?是否存在星團質量函數截斷的證據?

主要发现

  • 由氣體排出驅動的嬰兒期死亡情境可能被高估;許多星團因初始處於亞virial狀態與高有效恆星形成效率而能成功存活氣體排出。
  • 銀河系中年輕大質量星團的動力學測量顯示速度分散極低,表明它們在<3 Myr時已處於穩定或亞virial狀態,暗示氣體排出對其影響極小。
  • M83星團族群顯示明顯的環境依存性:外區星團的壽命較長(t_4 ~ 600 Myr),而內區星團壽命較短(t_4 ~ 130 Myr),與質量依賴破壞一致。
  • 當F_MID、t_4與M_c等參數可自由調整時,MDD與MID模型皆可符合M83中觀測到的星團族群,但MDD模型在物理上更具說服力。
  • M83星團質量函數在~10⁵ M⊙處截斷,內區的截斷質量略高,與其他星系及大麥哲侖星雲的發現一致。
  • 證據顯示較高質量星團存活時間更長,但由於質量函數形狀在擬合時的複雜性,其質量依存性仍較不確定。

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