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[论文解读] Coexistent physics of massive black holes in the phase transitions

Ming Zhang, Wenbiao Liu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 12, 2016
Black Holes and Theoretical Physics被引用 7
一句话总结

本文研究了在扩展相空间中,dRGT 与全息大质量黑洞共存的物理特性,将宇宙学常数视为压强。研究识别出类似范德瓦尔斯的相变,并表明在临界点处,小黑洞与大黑洞之间的数密度差和 HEPM 热力学标量曲率差均单调递减至零,提出二者可作为大质量引力理论中二级相变的序参量。

ABSTRACT

The coexistent physics of de Rham-Gabada-dze-Tolley (dRGT) massive black holes and holographic massive black holes is investigated in the extended phase space where the cosmological constant is viewed as pressure. Van der Waals like phase transitions are found for both of them. Coexistent curves of reduced pressure and reduced temperature are found to be different from that of RN-AdS black holes. Coexistent curves of reduced Gibbs free energy and reduced pressure show that Gibbs free energy in the canonical ensemble decreases monotonically with the increasing pressure. The concept number density is introduced to study the coexistent physics. It is uncovered that with the increasing pressure, the number densities of small black holes (SBHs) and large black holes (LBHs) change monotonically in the contrary directions till finally reaching the same value at the critical points of the phase transitions. In other words, with the increasing pressure the number density differences between SBHs and LBHs decrease monotonically before disappearance at the critical points. Further more, HEPM thermodynamic scalar curvature differences between SBHs and LBHs are found to decrease monotonically to zero when approaching to the critical points, which is similar as a RN-AdS black hole. We propose that both the number density difference and the HEPM scalar curvature difference can be order parameters describing the SBH/LBH phase transition and judging the upcoming of critical point where a second-order phase transition takes place. These results provide us with new recognition of the massive gravity. The thermodynamics in the extended phase space of AdS black holes is enriched.

研究动机与目标

  • 研究在将宇宙学常数视为热力学压强的扩展相空间中,dRGT 与全息大质量黑洞的共存物理特性。
  • 分析沿共存曲线的热力学量(如约化压强、温度、吉布斯自由能、数密度和 HEPM 标量曲率)的行为。
  • 确定数密度差与 HEPM 标量曲率差是否可作为 SBH/LBH 相变的序参量。
  • 将大质量黑洞的相变行为与 RN-AdS 黑洞进行比较,并评估相变动力学的普适性。

提出的方法

  • 采用扩展相空间形式化方法,将宇宙学常数识别为热力学压强,其共轭变量为热力学体积。
  • 推导出约化压强和温度变量,以比较不同黑洞类型(包括 dRGT 和全息大质量黑洞)的相变行为。
  • 引入数密度概念,作为微观自由度与宏观热力学之间的桥梁,基于视界面积与熵之间的全息关系。
  • 计算 HEPM(熵对热力学变量的 Hessian 矩阵)热力学标量曲率,以探测热力学相空间的几何结构。
  • 定义标量曲率比 ε = ln(R_SBH / R_LBH) 以量化小黑洞与大黑洞相之间的差异。
  • 采用数值分析与图形表示法(图 8 和图 9),追踪沿共存曲线的数密度差与标量曲率差的演化。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在扩展相空间中,dRGT 与全息大质量黑洞的共存曲线与 RN-AdS 黑洞的共存曲线如何比较?
  • RQ2随着压强增加,小黑洞与大黑洞的数密度是否朝相反方向演化,并在临界点汇聚?
  • RQ3小黑洞与大黑洞之间 HEPM 热力学标量曲率的差异是否为单调函数,并在临界点处趋于零?
  • RQ4数密度差与 HEPM 标量曲率差是否可作为二级 SBH/LBH 相变的序参量?
  • RQ5大质量黑洞中观察到的行为是否与 RN-AdS 黑洞中的行为一致,暗示 AdS 黑洞相变具有普适性?

主要发现

  • 在 dRGT 与全息大质量黑洞中均观察到类似范德瓦尔斯的相变,其约化压强与温度的共存曲线偏离 RN-AdS 情况,不经过 (0,0) 点。
  • 在正则系综中,吉布斯自由能随压强增加单调递减,与经典热力学系统一致。
  • 随着压强增加,小黑洞与大黑洞的数密度朝相反方向变化,并在临界点汇聚至相同值,表明密度差趋于零。
  • 小黑洞相的 HEPM 热力学标量曲率迅速减小,而大黑洞相的标量曲率缓慢增加,两者在接近临界点时均发散。
  • 标量曲率比 ε = ln(R_SBH / R_LBH) 从非零值单调递减至临界点处的零,其行为与数密度差的变化一致。
  • 数密度与 HEPM 标量曲率差在临界点处均单调递减至零,支持二者作为大质量黑洞二级相变序参量的有效性。

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