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[论文解读] Collisionally Stable Gas of Bosonic Dipolar Ground State Molecules

Niccolò Bigagli, Claire Warner|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 29, 2023
Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates参考文献 61被引用 7
一句话总结

该论文通过微波屏蔽将强偶极性 NaCs 分子的费米子气体中的非弹性损失抑制了200多倍,实现了1.0(1)秒的寿命。该技术使蒸发冷却成为可能,相空间密度提高了20倍,温度降至36(5) nK,使系统接近量子简并,并为实现偶极分子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚铺平了道路。

ABSTRACT

Stable ultracold ensembles of dipolar molecules hold great promise for many-body quantum physics, but high inelastic loss rates have been a long-standing challenge. Recently, it was shown that gases of fermionic molecules can be effectively stabilized through external fields. However, many quantum applications will benefit from molecular ensembles with bosonic statistics. Here, we stabilize a bosonic gas of strongly dipolar NaCs molecules against inelastic losses via microwave shielding, decreasing losses by more than a factor of 200 and reaching lifetimes on the scale of 1 second. We also measure high elastic scattering rates, a result of strong dipolar interactions, and observe the anisotropic nature of dipolar collisions. Finally, we demonstrate evaporative cooling of a bosonic molecular gas to a temperature of 36(5) nK, increasing its phase-space density by a factor of 20. This work is a critical step towards the creation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of dipolar molecules.

研究动机与目标

  • 稳定玻色型偶极分子气体,以抑制其非弹性碰撞损失,该损失在本质上比费米子分子高出1–2个数量级。
  • 将此前在费米子系统中有效的微波屏蔽技术拓展至玻色子体系,尽管由于缺乏p波离心势垒,玻色子体系中的损失抑制更具挑战性。
  • 在强偶极相互作用的玻色分子气体中实现蒸发冷却,这是实现量子简并的先决条件。
  • 测量并表征微波编织下强偶极分子气体中弹性散射的各向异性。
  • 通过拟合实验热化数据,确定系统的有效s波散射长度。

提出的方法

  • 通过使用σ⁺-极化微波场施加微波屏蔽,产生一个在实验室参考系中具有大有效偶极矩的布居态(|+⟩),从而诱导出排斥势垒,抑制非弹性碰撞。
  • 系统制备在|J,m_J⟩ = |0,0⟩态,通过蓝失谐频率Δ的微波编织,产生高达1.3 D的非旋转偶极矩,从而实现强偶极相互作用。
  • 通过不同方向上伪温度的交叉热化测量弹性散射速率,热化时间常数k_{ij} = \frac{3}{2}\mathcal{C}_{ij}由碰撞耦合系数推导得出。
  • 热化过程中每轮热化的弹性碰撞数N_{\mathrm{col}}^{ij} = \frac{\bar{n}\langle v_{\mathrm{th}}\sigma_{\mathrm{el}}\rangle}{k_{ij}}被用于量化热化效率,其值因偶极相互作用而增强。
  • 通过在散射矩阵中加入经验的s波贡献项,对实验数据进行拟合,得到最佳拟合的s波散射长度为a_s = 1200\, a_0。
  • 通过选择性移除最热的原子实现蒸发冷却,相空间密度提高20倍,温度降低至36(5) nK。
Figure 1: Microwave shielding of NaCs molecules. a , Illustration of the trapped molecular gas. Molecular dipoles are set into rotation by the electric field of a $\sigma^{+}$ -polarized microwave field generated by an antenna array. Vertical beams for stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) all
Figure 1: Microwave shielding of NaCs molecules. a , Illustration of the trapped molecular gas. Molecular dipoles are set into rotation by the electric field of a $\sigma^{+}$ -polarized microwave field generated by an antenna array. Vertical beams for stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) all

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在非弹性损失本征较高的玻色子偶极分子气体中,微波屏蔽能否有效抑制损失?
  • RQ2偶极相互作用在增强微波编织分子气体中的弹性散射和热化速率方面起什么作用?
  • RQ3偶极相互作用的各向异性在不同空间方向上对热化动力学的影响程度如何?
  • RQ4能否在强偶极相互作用的玻色子分子气体中实现蒸发冷却,使其接近量子简并?
  • RQ5该系统中的有效s波散射长度是多少,与理论估算相比如何?

主要发现

  • 非弹性损失速率被抑制超过200倍,使密集分子气体(粒子间距约1 μm)的寿命从16(2) ms延长至1.0(1) s。
  • 实验室参考系中的有效偶极矩最高可达1.3 D,实现了强偶极相互作用,并增强了弹性散射。
  • 弹性碰撞与非弹性碰撞的比率γ = 4(1)×10^3,证实系统处于弹性过程占主导的区域。
  • 每轮热化的弹性碰撞数N_{\mathrm{col}}因偶极相互作用而增强,达到s波极限值2.5的近一个数量级。
  • 蒸发冷却使相空间密度提高20倍,温度降低至36(5) nK,使系统接近量子简并。
  • 有效s波散射长度确定为a_s = 1200\, a_0,该值与大失谐条件下的观测热化和散射截面数据最佳拟合。
Figure 2: Lifetime and inelastic collisions of microwave-shielded NaCs molecules. a , Lifetime of molecular ensembles with (blue) and without (grey) shielding. The dashed lines indicate the respective $1/e$ lifetimes. Error bars show 1 $\sigma$ standard-error-of-the-mean from ten repetitions of the
Figure 2: Lifetime and inelastic collisions of microwave-shielded NaCs molecules. a , Lifetime of molecular ensembles with (blue) and without (grey) shielding. The dashed lines indicate the respective $1/e$ lifetimes. Error bars show 1 $\sigma$ standard-error-of-the-mean from ten repetitions of the

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