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[论文解读] Combination of Lidar Elevations, Bathymetric Data, and Urban Infrastructure in a Sub-Grid Model for Predicting Inundation in New York City during Hurricane Sandy

Jon Derek Loftis, Harry V. Wang|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 2, 2014
Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research参考文献 21被引用 6
一句话总结

本文提出了一种亚网格建模方法,整合了高分辨率激光雷达高程数据、水深测量数据以及城市基础设施(建筑物和高速公路涵洞),以提升纽约市哈特兰·桑迪飓风期间风暴潮和洪水淹没预测的准确性。通过在每个网格单元内解析细尺度地形和结构特征,模型与FEMA的淹没范围实现了75%的空间匹配度——在引入基础设施后提升至80%,平均绝对误差从38 m降低至32 m。

ABSTRACT

We present the geospatial methods in conjunction with results of a newly developed storm surge and sub-grid inundation model which was applied in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Sub-grid modeling takes a novel approach for partial wetting and drying within grid cells, eschewing the conventional hydrodynamic modeling method by nesting a sub-grid containing high-resolution lidar topography and fine scale bathymetry within each computational grid cell. In doing so, the sub-grid modeling method is heavily dependent on building and street configuration provided by the DEM. The results of spatial comparisons between the sub-grid model and FEMA's maximum inundation extents in New York City yielded an unparalleled absolute mean distance difference of 38m and an average of 75% areal spatial match. An in-depth error analysis reveals that the modeled extent contour is well correlated with the FEMA extent contour in most areas, except in several distinct areas where differences in special features cause significant de-correlations between the two contours. Examples of these errors were found to be primarily attributed to lack of building representation in the New Jersey region of the model grid, occluded highway underpasses artificially blocking fluid flow, and DEM source differences between the model and FEMA. Accurate representation of these urban infrastructural features is critical in terms of sub-grid modeling, because it uniquely affects the fluid flux through each grid cell side, which ultimately determines the water depth and extent of flooding via distribution of water volume within each grid cell. Incorporation of buildings and highway underpasses allow for the model to improve overall absolute mean distance error metrics from 38m to 32m and area comparisons from 75% spatial match to 80% with minimal additional effort.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种亚网格建模框架,以提升复杂城市环境(如纽约市)中洪水淹没预测的准确性。
  • 研究高分辨率地形和水深数据,以及城市基础设施,对亚网格内水流分布和洪水范围的影响。
  • 评估该模型在哈特兰·桑迪飓风期间对纽约市FEMA观测到的最大淹没范围的性能表现。
  • 识别并分析洪水建模中的主要误差来源,特别是与基础设施表达和数据源差异相关的误差。

提出的方法

  • 该模型采用亚网格方法,每个计算网格单元内部包含一个高分辨率的内部网格,用于详细表示激光雷达地形和细尺度水深数据。
  • 城市基础设施(如建筑物和高速公路涵洞)在亚网格中被显式表示,以影响水流通过网格单元边界的通量和水分布。
  • 模型使用有限体积法求解浅水方程,通过亚网格分辨率处理部分干湿变化,而非采用传统的水动力嵌套方法。
  • 利用空间匹配度和平均绝对距离指标,将模型结果与FEMA观测到的最大淹没范围进行验证。
  • 开展误差分析,以分离因新泽西州区域缺少建筑物数据、涵洞引起的虚假流体阻塞,以及模型与FEMA数据之间数字高程模型(DEM)来源差异所导致的偏差。
  • 定量比较模型在引入基础设施数据前后性能的变化,以评估其在准确性上的改进。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在亚网格模型中引入详细城市基础设施,对纽约市风暴潮淹没预测准确性有何影响?
  • RQ2与FEMA观测的淹没范围相比,亚网格洪水建模中的主要误差来源是什么?
  • RQ3高分辨率激光雷达和水深数据在复杂城市环境中在多大程度上提升了亚网格模型的性能?
  • RQ4模型与FEMA数据之间数字高程模型(DEM)来源的差异,如何影响模型与观测淹没范围之间的空间匹配度?
  • RQ5通过包含基础设施表达的亚网格建模,能否降低洪水范围预测的平均绝对误差?

主要发现

  • 该亚网格模型在哈特兰·桑迪飓风期间对纽约市FEMA观测到的最大淹没范围实现了75%的空间匹配度。
  • 在模型中引入建筑物和高速公路涵洞后,空间匹配度从75%提升至80%,平均绝对距离误差从38 m降低至32 m。
  • 主要误差来源被识别为新泽西州区域缺少建筑物表达、涵洞引起的虚假流体阻塞,以及模型与FEMA之间数字高程模型(DEM)来源的差异。
  • 模型预测的淹没轮廓在大多数区域与FEMA的淹没范围高度相关,但在存在特殊特征(如涵洞或数据缺失)的区域出现去相关现象。
  • 该亚网格方法通过利用细尺度地形和结构数据,有效解决了网格单元内的部分干湿变化,提升了模型的真实感和准确性。
  • 结果表明,准确表达城市基础设施对于模拟每个网格单元内流体通量和水深分布至关重要。

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