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[论文解读] Communicating with Extremely Large-Scale Array/Surface: Unified Modelling and Performance Analysis

Haiquan Lu, Yong Zeng|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 27, 2021
Antenna Design and AnalysisEngineering参考文献 39被引用 17
一句话总结

本文提出了一种针对超大规模阵列(XL-阵列)和表面的统一物理模型,明确考虑了阵元孔径、相位和幅度的差异,突破了传统均匀平面波(UPW)假设的局限。该模型推导出一个闭式信噪比(SNR)表达式,表明由于占用率和尺寸等集体阵列特性的影响,SNR随阵列尺寸M的增长呈次线性关系,并引入了新的‘等功率距离’准则,以替代瑞利距离,用于近场建模。

ABSTRACT

Wireless communications with extremely large-scale array (XL-array) correspond to systems whose antenna sizes are so large that conventional modelling assumptions, such as uniform plane wave (UPW) impingement, are longer valid. This paper studies the mathematical modelling and performance analysis of XL-array communications. By deviating from the conventional modelling approach that treats the array elements as sizeless points, we explicitly model their physical area/aperture, which enables a unified modelling for the classical discrete antenna arrays and the emerging continuous surfaces. As such, a generic array/surface model that accurately takes into account the variations of signal phase, amplitude and projected aperture across array elements is proposed. Based on the proposed model, a closed-form expression of the resulting SNR with the optimal single-user MRC/MRT beamforming is derived. The expression reveals that instead of scaling linearly with the antenna number M as in conventional UPW modelling, the SNR with the more generic model increases with M with diminishing return, which is governed by the collective properties of the array, such as the array occupation ratio and the physical sizes of the array along each dimension, while irrespective of the properties of the individual array element. Additionally, we have derived an alternative insightful expression for the optimal SNR in terms of the vertical and horizontal angular spans. Furthermore, we also show that our derived results include the far-field UPW modelling as a special case. One important finding during the study of far-field approximation is the necessity to introduce a new distance criterion to complement the classical Rayleigh distance, termed uniform-power distance (UPD), which concerns the signal amplitude/power variations across array elements, instead of phase variations as for Rayleigh distance.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在超大规模阵列(XL-阵列)系统中,由于阵列尺寸过大而使传统均匀平面波(UPW)假设失效时的局限性。
  • 构建一个统一的数学框架,通过显式引入阵元的物理孔径和空间响应,同时建模离散阵列和连续表面。
  • 在现实近场条件下,分析最优单用户最大比合并/波束成形(MRC/MRT)在XL-阵列系统中的性能。
  • 提出一个新的距离准则——等功率距离(UPD),以补充基于相位误差的瑞利距离,重点聚焦于幅度/功率变化而非相位误差。
  • 证明SNR随M的增长呈次线性关系,其受集体阵列特性(如占用率和尺寸)的支配,而非单个阵元特性。

提出的方法

  • 提出一种通用的阵列/表面模型,显式建模每个阵元的物理孔径和空间响应,取代点天线假设。
  • 利用新模型推导最优MRC/MRT波束成形下的闭式信噪比(SNR)表达式,整合相位、幅度和投影孔径的变化。
  • 引入‘等功率距离’(UPD)的概念,这是一种基于阵元间信号功率变化的新准则,用于定义近场区域,与基于相位误差的经典瑞利距离形成对比。
  • 将最优SNR表示为阵列与用户位置形成的垂直和水平角张角的函数,建立阵列几何与性能之间的直观联系。
  • 使用渐近近似和泰勒展开简化SNR推导中的复杂数学积分,实现解析可处理性。
  • 通过与基准模型的广泛数值对比验证该模型,证明在XL-阵列场景下该方法的必要性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当阵列尺寸过大导致传统均匀平面波(UPW)假设不再有效时,XL-阵列系统的性能如何变化?
  • RQ2适用于XL-阵列和连续表面的正确数学模型是什么?该模型需考虑阵元间的物理孔径、相位和幅度差异。
  • RQ3在最优波束成形下,SNR如何随阵元数M变化?其变化规律受哪些因素支配?
  • RQ4用于定义XL-阵列近场区域的合适距离准则是什么?它与经典瑞利距离有何不同?
  • RQ5集体阵列特性(如占用率、尺寸)对SNR的影响程度如何?与单个阵元特性相比有何差异?

主要发现

  • 所提出的模型推广了传统的基于UPW的建模方法,在用户处于远场时退化为UPW模型的特例。
  • 最优SNR随阵元数M的增长呈次线性关系,其受阵列占用率和物理尺寸等集体特性支配,而非单个阵元特性。
  • SNR表达式表明,由于阵列中孔径和相位的差异,增加M带来的增益逐渐减小,其增长速率由阵列的几何构型决定。
  • 引入等功率距离(UPD)作为比瑞利距离更合适的近场准则,因其聚焦于幅度/功率变化而非相位误差。
  • SNR可表示为阵列与用户位置形成的垂直和水平角张角的函数,提供一种几何直观的性能度量。
  • 数值结果证实,忽略孔径和幅度差异会导致性能被显著高估,验证了所提模型的必要性。

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