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[论文解读] Compact Post-Quantum Signatures from Proofs of Knowledge leveraging Structure for the PKP, SD and RSD Problems

Loïc Bidoux, Philippe Gaborit|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 6, 2022
Cryptography and Data Security被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出了一种新颖的基于知识的证明(PoK)范式——'结构化知识证明'(PoK leveraging structure),通过利用代码基础问题中固有的代数结构,取代了MPC-in-the-head签名方案中传统的可信助手(trusted Helper)和剪切-选择(cut-and-choose)开销。该方法生成了紧凑的后量子签名——PKP方案低于9 kB,SD方案为15 kB,RSD方案为7 kB,其尺寸优于现有方案,同时避免了传统剪切-选择技术带来的性能损耗。

ABSTRACT

The MPC-in-the-head introduced in [IKOS07] has established itself as an important paradigm to design efficient digital signatures. It has been leveraged in the Picnic scheme [CDG+ 20] that reached the third round of the NIST PQC Standardization process. It has also been used in [Beu20] to introduce the Proof of Knowledge (PoK) with Helper paradigm. This construction permits to design shorter signatures but induces a non negligible performance overhead as it uses cut-and-choose. In this paper, we introduce the PoK leveraging structure paradigm along with its associated challenge space amplification technique. Our new approach to design PoK brings some improvements over the PoK with Helper one. Indeed, we show how one can substitute the Helper in these constructions by leveraging the underlying structure of the considered problem. This approach does not suffer from the performance overhead inherent to the PoK with Helper paradigm hence offers different trade-offs between security, signature sizes and performances. We also present four new post-quantum signature schemes. The first one is based on a new PoK with Helper for the Syndrome Decoding problem. It relies on ideas from [BGKM22] and [FJR21] and improve the latter using a new technique that can be seen as performing some cut-and-choose with a meet in the middle approach. The three other signatures are based on our new PoK leveraging structure approach and as such illustrate its versatility. We provide new PoK related to the Permuted Kernel Problem (PKP), Syndrome Decoding (SD) problem and Rank Syndrome Decoding (RSD) problem. In practice, these PoK lead to comparable or shorter signatures than existing ones. Indeed, considering (public key + signature), we get sizes below 9kB for our signature related to the PKP problem, below 15kB for our signature related to the SD problem and below 7kB for our signature related to the RSD problem.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过利用问题特异的代数结构,消除基于可信助手的PoK构造中剪切-选择技术带来的性能开销。
  • 基于排列核问题(PKP)、综合解码问题(SD)和秩综合解码问题(RSD)设计更紧凑的后量子签名方案。
  • 提出一种专为结构化知识证明设计的挑战空间扩展技术,实现高效且安全的签名生成。
  • 为现有基于代码的签名方案提供具有竞争力的替代方案,尤其在NIST计划重新开放后量子签名标准化流程的背景下。

提出的方法

  • 提出一种新型PoK框架,用底层困难问题(PKP、SD、RSD)固有的结构特性替代可信助手。
  • 引入挑战空间扩展技术,实现安全扩展挑战空间,且无需依赖剪切-选择,从而提升效率。
  • 利用综合征解码问题的结构化实例(如具有置换和秩对称性的结构),减少签名大小。
  • 采用Fiat-Shamir变换将所得PoK转换为数字签名,仅引入极小的额外开销。
  • 通过并行重复和参数选择优化,在不同问题变体之间实现安全与效率的平衡。
  • 通过在证明者策略中嵌入结构约束,为PKP、SD和RSD设计新型PoK协议,实现更短的证明。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否在不牺牲安全性的前提下,完全消除基于可信助手的PoK方案中剪切-选择技术带来的性能开销?
  • RQ2能否利用基于代码问题的固有代数结构,设计出更紧凑的后量子签名?
  • RQ3挑战空间扩展技术如何提升结构化知识证明的效率与安全性?
  • RQ4所提出的新型PoK框架能否在签名尺寸上超越现有构造,同时保持强大的安全保证?
  • RQ5在将该框架应用于PKP、SD和RSD问题时,签名尺寸、公钥尺寸与性能之间的实际权衡是什么?

主要发现

  • 所提出的结构化知识证明框架在PKP问题上实现了(公钥 + 签名)总大小低于9 kB,相比现有方案最高可减少45%。
  • 对于综合解码问题(SD),新签名方案实现了(公钥 + 签名)大小15–17 kB,优于Wave和LESS,且与FJR22保持竞争力。
  • 基于RSD的签名方案实现了(公钥 + 签名)大小7–9 kB,优于Durandal,具有显著的尺寸优势。
  • 针对SD的新型PoK与助手方案在除FJR22外的先前构造中表现更优,通过集成中间相遇剪切-选择技术,进一步减小了签名尺寸。
  • 挑战空间扩展技术实现了无需依赖剪切-选择的安全高效PoK,彻底消除了其性能开销。
  • 新构造与NIST最近选定的SPHINCS+相比极具竞争力,尤其在签名尺寸方面,且非常适合即将开始的NIST后量子签名标准化流程。

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