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[论文解读] Completing CVA and Liquidity: Firm-Level Positions and Collateralized Trades

Chris Kenyon|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 17, 2010
Credit Risk and Financial Regulations被引用 6
一句话总结

本文通过纳入未入账的公司层面头寸(如商誉和股权)及其在违约时价值暴跌的特性,以及未反映在标准头寸记录系统中的抵押交易或有融资成本,完成了对CVA与流动性关系的统一图景。研究显示,将这些要素纳入后,报告的CVA利润会逆转:原本因CDS利差走阔带来的25亿美元收益,在计入商誉后将转为40亿美元亏损;且抵押互换因融资成本的非对称性而产生正向CVA。

ABSTRACT

Bilateral CVA as currently implement has the counterintuitive effect of profiting from one's own widening CDS spreads, i.e. increased risk of default, in practice. The unified picture of CVA and liquidity introduced by Morini & Prampolini 2010 has contributed to understanding this. However, there are two significant omissions for practical implementation that come from the same source, i.e. positions not booked in usual position-keeping systems. The first omission is firm-level positions that change value upon firm default. An example is Goodwill which is a line item on balance sheets and typically written down to zero on default. Another example would be firm Equity. The second omission relates to collateralized positions. When these positions are out of the money in future, which has a positive probability, they will require funding that cannot be secured using the position itself. These contingent future funding positions are usually not booked in any position-keeping system. We show here how to include these two types of positions and thus help to complete the unified picture of CVA and liquidity. For a particular large complex financial institution that profited $2.5B from spread widening we show that including Goodwill would have resulted in a $4B loss under conservative assumptions. Whilst we cannot make a similar assessment for its collateralized derivative portfolio we calculate both the funding costs and the CVA from own default for a range of swaps and find that CVA was a positive contribution in the examples.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决双边CVA在企业自身违约时产生反直觉盈利的悖论,其根源在于未入账的公司层面头寸和或有融资需求。
  • 证明传统CVA计算忽略了关键的敞口(如商誉和股权),这些头寸在违约时价值会暴跌,且未被标准头寸记录系统捕捉。
  • 量化处于价外状态的抵押衍生品的未来或有融资成本,这些成本未被记录但显著影响双边CVA。
  • 表明将这些未入账头寸纳入后,可完整构建CVA与流动性的统一图景,尤其在公司层面。
  • 挑战仅考虑已入账交易的CVA假设,主张应更广泛地纳入资产负债表项目和或有融资义务。

提出的方法

  • 以代表性大型复杂金融机构(LCFI)为例,模拟在双边CVA计算中纳入商誉的影响,假设违约时保守地减记至零。
  • 利用2008年末至2009年第一季度观察到的CDS利差变化,对商誉应用CVA定价,将CVA估算为违约概率和回收率的函数。
  • 分析一个普通抵押利率互换,量化当头寸处于价外时未来或有融资成本的影响,假设以无担保利率融资。
  • 计算这些融资成本对CVA的贡献,显示其因融资风险和违约概率的非对称性而为正。
  • 将公司层面资产负债表项目(商誉、股权)与衍生品融资敞口相结合,评估其对净CVA的综合影响。
  • 使用2009年第一季度的收益率曲线、基差曲线和互换期权波动率,校准分析中的融资和违约风险参数。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1为何双边CVA会对企业自身CDS利差走阔产生反直觉的盈利?这一问题如何得以解决?
  • RQ2未入账的公司层面资产(如商誉和股权)在价值因违约而暴跌时,对CVA的贡献程度如何?
  • RQ3抵押交易的或有融资成本如何影响双边CVA?为何这些成本目前未被标准系统捕捉?
  • RQ4纳入未入账敞口对大型复杂金融机构净CVA的量化影响是什么?
  • RQ5通过同时纳入未入账资产负债表项目和或有融资义务,能否完成CVA与流动性关系的统一图景?

主要发现

  • 在保守假设下,若将商誉纳入双边CVA计算,原本因CDS利差走阔带来的25亿美元利润将逆转为40亿美元亏损,主因是其在违约时减记至零。
  • 对2008年末账面价值270亿美元的商誉,其CVA估计介于10%至25%之间,表明存在显著敞口。
  • 对于一个平价(ATM)互换,未来或有融资成本带来的CVA为正,主因是融资风险和违约概率的非对称性。
  • 融资成本对CVA的贡献与具体融资利率关系不大,凸显了违约风险和时间因素的主导作用。
  • 分析表明,抵押交易的无担保融资成本并非中性,会带来显著的CVA影响,尤其当融资期限与头寸不匹配时。
  • 本文结论认为,当前CVA实现方式不完整,因其忽略了来自未入账公司层面资产和或有融资义务的重大敞口。

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