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[论文解读] Conceptual tensions between quantum mechanics and general relativity: Are there experimental consequences, e.g., superconducting transducers between electromagnetic and gravitational radiation?

R. Y. Chiao|ArXiv.org|Aug 9, 2002
Relativity and Gravitational Theory参考文献 3被引用 6
一句话总结

本文提出,由于量子非定域性与广义相对论局域性之间的概念张力,宏观量子流体(如超导体和原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体)可作为引力波换能器。该理论预测超导体中存在类似迈斯纳效应的伦斯-西尔灵场排斥,通过阻抗匹配实现接近单位的换能效率,表明超导体可能将电磁辐射与引力辐射相互转换。

ABSTRACT

One of the conceptual tensions between quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) arises from the clash between the spatial nonseparability of entangled states in QM, and the complete spatial separability of all physical systems in GR, i.e., between the nonlocality implied by the superposition principle, and the locality implied by the equivalence principle. Experimental consequences of this conceptual tension will be explored for macroscopically coherent quantum fluids, such as superconductors, superfluids, and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), subjected to tidal and Lense-Thirring fields arising from gravitational radiation. A Meissner-like effect is predicted, in which the Lense-Thirring field is expelled from the bulk of a quantum fluid. Superconductors are predicted to be macroscopic quantum gravitational antennas and transducers, which can directly convert upon reflection a beam of quadrupolar electromagnetic radiation into gravitational radiation, and vice versa, and thus serve as both sources and receivers of gravitational waves. An estimate of the transducer conversion efficiency on the order of unity comes out of the Ginzburg-Landau theory for an extreme type II, dissipationless superconductor with minimal coupling to weak gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields, whose frequency is smaller than the BCS gap frequency, thus satisfying the quantum adiabatic theorem. The concept of ``the impedance of free space for gravitational plane waves'' is introduced, and leads to a natural impedance-matching process, in which the two kinds of radiation fields are impedance-matched to each other around a hundred coherence lengths beneath the surface of the superconductor. A simple, Hertz-like experiment has been performed to test these ideas, and preliminary results will be reported.

研究动机与目标

  • 探索量子非定域性与广义相对论局域性之间概念张力的实验后果。
  • 研究宏观量子流体(如超导体和玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体)是否可作为电磁辐射与引力辐射之间的换能器。
  • 检验超导体对引力磁质场表现出类似迈斯纳效应的假设,即通过量子相干性排斥伦斯-西尔灵场。
  • 提出一种类似赫兹的实验,以探测超导材料中引力波的换能现象。
  • 建立基于金兹堡-朗道理论与量子绝热性的引力波阻抗匹配理论框架。

提出的方法

  • 将超导体和玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体建模为具有宏观波函数的量子流体,其满足金兹堡-朗道方程。
  • 将伦敦穿透深度 λL 作为超导体中引力磁质场排斥的特征长度尺度。
  • 利用极端第二类、无耗散超导体的金兹堡-朗道理论,在弱场、低频辐射条件下推导换能效率。
  • 引入“引力波阻抗”概念,实现电磁辐射场与引力辐射场之间的阻抗匹配。
  • 推导原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的引力磁化率 χGM,表明其值极大且为负,暗示存在强量子源项,可独立于牛顿引力常数 G 产生伦斯-西尔灵场。
  • 比较引力磁势的亥姆霍兹型与杨氏型方程的解,以确定倏逝场(迈斯纳型)与传播场的条件。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1超导体能否作为换能器,将电磁辐射转换为引力辐射,反之亦然?
  • RQ2远处物质产生的伦斯-西尔灵场是否会被超导或超流量子流体排斥,类似于电磁学中的迈斯纳效应?
  • RQ3在量子绝热条件下,宏观量子系统中引力波换能的理论效率是多少?
  • RQ4玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的引力磁化率如何导致独立于牛顿引力常数 G 的非经典引力场源项?
  • RQ5超流氦中的赫斯-费尔班克效应能否被解释为量子引力迈斯纳效应的证据?

主要发现

  • 预测在超导体中对伦斯-西尔灵场存在类似迈斯纳效应的排斥,场排斥发生在穿透深度 λL 范围内,类似于电磁迈斯纳效应。
  • 对于原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体,伦敦穿透深度为 λL = (8πn̄a)−1/2,其中 n̄ 为原子密度,a 为 s 波散射长度。
  • 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的引力磁化率估计为 χGM ≈ −3×10^42,表明存在强量子源项,其对引力场的影响独立于 G。
  • 基于金兹堡-朗道理论与量子绝热性,超导体中电磁辐射与引力辐射之间的换能效率估计接近单位。
  • 电磁波与引力波之间的阻抗匹配发生在超导体表面以下约 100 个相干长度处,实现高效的能量传递。
  • 若不存在类似迈斯纳效应,则方程将变为亥姆霍兹型,解为正弦形式,与量子力学的单值性矛盾,并违反超流体中的无旋条件。

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