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[论文解读] Container Relocation Problem: Approximation, Asymptotic, and Incomplete Information

Setareh Borjian, Virgile Galle|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 16, 2015
Maritime Ports and Logistics参考文献 21被引用 13
一句话总结

本文提出了一种改进的A∗算法,通过更紧致且单调的下界和上界,以最优或近似最优的方式求解集装箱调度问题(CRP)。研究证明,在大型堆场中,最优重排次数趋近于一个简单的计数下界,表明CRP在渐近意义上变得更简单。研究进一步提出了一种两阶段随机优化框架,用于处理不完全信息的情况,证明当超过50%的取箱顺序已知时,贪心启发式方法极为有效,与基线策略相比,重排次数最高可减少48%。

ABSTRACT

The Container Relocation Problem (CRP) is concerned with finding a sequence of moves of containers that minimizes the number of relocations needed to retrieve all containers respecting a given order of retrieval. While the problem is known to be NP-hard, certain algorithms such as the A* search and heuristics perform reasonably well on many instances of the problem. In this paper, we first focus on the A* search algorithm, and analyze lower and upper bounds that are easy to compute and can be used to prune nodes. Our analysis sheds light on which bounds result in fast computation within a given approximation gap. We present extensive simulation results that improve upon our theoretical analysis, and further show that our method finds the optimum solution on most instances of medium-size bays. On "hard" instances, our method finds an approximate solution with a small gap and within a time frame that is fast for practical applications. We also study the average-case asymptotic behavior of the CRP where the number of columns grows. We calculate the expected number of relocations in the limit, and show that the optimum number of relocations converges to a simple and intuitive lower-bound. We further study the CRP with incomplete information by relaxing the assumption that the order of retrieval of all containers are initially known. This assumption is particularly unrealistic in ports without an appointment system. We assume that the retrieval order of a subset of containers is known initially and the retrieval order of the remaining containers is observed later at a given specific time. Before this time, we assume a probabilistic distribution on the retrieval order of unknown containers. We combine the A* algorithm with sampling technique to solve this two-stage stochastic optimization problem. We show that our algorithm is fast and the error due to sampling and pruning is reasonably small.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过采用更紧致且单调的下界,提升A∗算法在求解CRP时的效率与最优性间隙控制。
  • 分析在大型堆场中,最优重排次数的渐近行为,证明其趋近于一个简单的下界。
  • 解决集装箱码头中取箱顺序信息不完全的实际挑战。
  • 评估信息价值与时机在不确定性条件下减少重排次数的作用。
  • 开发并基准测试一种快速、高效的贪心启发式方法,适用于信息不完全的场景。

提出的方法

  • 将A∗扩展为包含计数下界和一种广义的前瞻下界族,后者可考虑未来不可避免的重排。
  • 提出一种新型基于分支的启发式方法——树启发式(TH-L),并利用A∗生成的最优解作为基准,与现有启发式方法进行对比。
  • 提出一种两阶段随机优化框架(ASA∗),结合A∗与采样技术,以处理不完全信息和概率性取箱顺序。
  • 采用采样与剪枝技术,在保持预期重排次数误差较低的同时控制计算成本。
  • 采用一种贪心启发式方法,基于即时成本减少选择重排动作,在部分信息条件下表现优异。
  • 结合理论分析与大规模仿真,评估在不同堆场规模、信息水平和取箱顺序分布下的性能表现。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1不同下界与上界如何影响A∗算法在求解CRP时的性能与最优性间隙?
  • RQ2当堆场列数趋于无穷大时,最优重排次数的渐近行为如何?
  • RQ3对集装箱取箱顺序的信息不完全,如何影响预期重排次数?信息的价值是什么?
  • RQ4在信息不完全的条件下,一种快速贪心启发式能否实现近似最优性能?其性能如何随信息可用性的提升而变化?
  • RQ5在最优性间隙与计算效率方面,启发式H与所提出的树启发式(TH-L)及贪心启发式相比表现如何?

主要发现

  • 随着堆场规模增大,最优重排次数趋近于一个简单的计数下界,表明CRP在渐近意义上变得更简单。
  • 采用前瞻下界的A∗算法相比基础计数下界,能减少分支数并实现更小的最优性间隙,且收敛速度更快。
  • 当与适当的下界结合时,H启发式可确保A∗在有限层数内终止;仿真结果表明,它通常能快速找到最优解。
  • 所提出的树启发式(TH-L)在平均最优性间隙方面优于现有启发式方法,在基准实例上实现了最小的间隙。
  • 当已知50%的取箱顺序时,贪心启发式相比最近重排策略最高可减少48%的重排次数,即使在信息更丰富的条件下,也优于RDH启发式。
  • 随着堆场规模增大,H启发式与贪心启发式之间的重排次数比值趋近于一个常数,表明在大规模场景下使用更快的贪心启发式所导致的性能损失可忽略。

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