[论文解读] Controlled Finite Momentum Pairing and Spatially Varying Order Parameter in Proximitized HgTe Quantum Wells
本研究展示了在铝或铌超导体邻近的HgTe量子阱中,通过施加面内磁场(最高达4 T),实现了可调谐的有限动量配对以及空间变化的超导序参量。研究人员通过观测振荡的约瑟夫森干涉现象,实现了对库珀对动量的可控调控,从而实现了序参量的空间工程,并通过定量提取有效g因子与费米速度之比,揭示了自旋纹理效应。
Conventional $s$-wave superconductivity is understood to arise from singlet pairing of electrons with opposite Fermi momenta, forming Cooper pairs whose net momentum is zero [1]. Several recent studies have focused on structures where such conventional $s$-wave superconductors are coupled to systems with an unusual configuration of electronic spin and momentum at the Fermi surface. Under these conditions, the nature of the paired state can be modified and the system may even undergo a topological phase transition [2, 3]. Here we present measurements and theoretical calculations of several HgTe quantum wells coupled to either aluminum or niobium superconductors and subject to a magnetic field in the plane of the quantum well. By studying the oscillatory response of Josephson interference to the magnitude of the in-plane magnetic field, we find that the induced pairing within the quantum well is spatially varying. Cooper pairs acquire a tunable momentum that grows with magnetic field strength, directly reflecting the response of the spin-dependent Fermi surfaces to the in-plane magnetic field. In addition, in the regime of high electron density, nodes in the induced superconductivity evolve with the electron density in agreement with our model based on the Hamiltonian of Bernevig, Hughes, and Zhang [4]. This agreement allows us to quantitatively extract the value of $\ ilde{g}/v_{F}$, where $\ ilde{g}$ is the effective g-factor and $v_{F}$ is the Fermi velocity. However, at low density our measurements do not agree with our model in detail. Our new understanding of the interplay between spin physics and superconductivity introduces a way to spatially engineer the order parameter, as well as a general framework within which to investigate electronic spin texture at the Fermi surface of materials.
研究动机与目标
- 研究在面内磁场作用下,二维HgTe量子阱中超导性与自旋纹理之间的相互作用。
- 利用小磁场在邻近系统中实现并调控有限动量库珀对配对。
- 从观测到的干涉图案中定量提取有效g因子与费米速度之比($\tilde{g}/v_F$)。
- 探测强自旋轨道耦合体系中从常规到非常规超导态的转变。
- 建立通过自旋-动量锁定和外场实现超导序参量空间工程的框架。
提出的方法
- 在HgTe/HgCdTe异质结构中制备了矩形约瑟夫森结,其相对两侧连接有超导电极(Al或Nb)。
- 沿x和y方向施加面内磁场(最高达4 T),通过自旋分裂的费米面调节库珀对的动量。
- 测量微分电阻和临界电流振荡随垂直磁场(Bz)及面内磁场(By, Bx)的变化。
- 使用顶栅调节电子密度,跨越量子自旋霍尔态和电子掺杂区域。
- 基于Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang哈密顿量进行理论建模,以描述自旋轨道耦合和能带结构效应。
- 通过引入结构反演不对称性(SIA)、电极高度差(d)以及台面边界处的镜面反射,模拟干涉图案。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1面内磁场如何在邻近的HgTe量子阱中诱导有限动量配对?
- RQ2在强自旋轨道耦合体系中,是否能通过小磁场有效调控库珀对的动量?
- RQ3超导序参量的空间变化在约瑟夫森干涉图案中如何体现?
- RQ4在高密度区域,$\tilde{g}/v_F$ 的定量值是多少?其与理论预测的符合程度如何?
- RQ5为何低电子密度下的测量结果偏离基于Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang哈密顿量的理论模型?
主要发现
- 由于有限动量库珀对的存在,诱导的超导序参量表现出空间振荡行为,其动量可通过面内磁场强度调节。
- 随着面内磁场增加,约瑟夫森干涉图案发生移动,形成“V”形结构,表明相位调制具有动量依赖性。
- 在高电子密度区域,测得的临界电流演化与Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang模型定量吻合,得到$\tilde{g}/v_F = 0.016 \, \text{meV} \cdot \text{nm}^{-1}$。
- 单独反转$B_y$或$B_z$时,干涉图案呈现不对称性,但同时反转两者时呈现对称性,符合时间反演对称性。
- 观测到的干涉演化强烈依赖于超导电极与量子阱之间的高度差(d),证实了配对动量存在非本征贡献。
- 在低电子密度下,实验数据偏离理论预测,表明存在超出标准模型的额外物理机制,可能涉及无序或多体效应。
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