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[论文解读] Cooperative Relative Positioning of Mobile Users by Fusing IMU Inertial and UWB Ranging Information

Ran Liu, Chau Yuen|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 4, 2017
Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出了一种概率融合框架,结合惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量数据与超宽带(UWB)测距数据,实现无需基础设施支持的移动用户间协作相对定位。通过使用双粒子滤波器将高频IMU推算定位与间歇性UWB距离测量数据融合,系统有效减少了IMU的累积误差,并解决了UWB缺乏方位信息的问题,在存在环境遮挡的实际实验中实现了2.2米的相对定位精度。

ABSTRACT

Relative positioning between multiple mobile users is essential for many applications, such as search and rescue in disaster areas or human social interaction. Inertial-measurement unit (IMU) is promising to determine the change of position over short periods of time, but it is very sensitive to error accumulation over long term run. By equipping the mobile users with ranging unit, e.g. ultra-wideband (UWB), it is possible to achieve accurate relative positioning by trilateration-based approaches. As compared to vision or laser-based sensors, the UWB does not need to be with in line-of-sight and provides accurate distance estimation. However, UWB does not provide any bearing information and the communication range is limited, thus UWB alone cannot determine the user location without any ambiguity. In this paper, we propose an approach to combine IMU inertial and UWB ranging measurement for relative positioning between multiple mobile users without the knowledge of the infrastructure. We incorporate the UWB and the IMU measurement into a probabilistic-based framework, which allows to cooperatively position a group of mobile users and recover from positioning failures. We have conducted extensive experiments to demonstrate the benefits of incorporating IMU inertial and UWB ranging measurements.

研究动机与目标

  • 实现无需依赖GPS或固定信标等外部基础设施的移动用户相对定位。
  • 通过传感器融合解决IMU的累积误差问题以及UWB的视距限制和缺乏方位信息的问题。
  • 开发一种协作定位系统,使多个移动用户仅通过彼此之间的测量数据和惯性数据即可估计其相对位置。
  • 在具有动态遮挡和可变UWB检测概率的真实环境中验证所提方法的有效性。

提出的方法

  • 采用双粒子滤波器框架,基于IMU和UWB测量数据联合估计多个用户的相对位置。
  • 将高频IMU数据(50 Hz)用于推算定位,结合低频UWB测距测量(每2秒一次)以校正漂移。
  • 采用概率状态估计模型,利用UWB测量将通信范围内用户可能的位置限制在一定范围内。
  • 使用粒子滤波器处理非线性与非高斯噪声,提升对定位失败和模糊性的鲁棒性。
  • 在IMU中引入摆动模型与扩展卡尔曼滤波器,融合陀螺仪、加速度计和磁力计数据以实现初始位移估计。
  • 在中央服务器上融合IMU位移输出与UWB距离估计,实时计算所有用户的相对位置。
Figure 1: Illustration of the relative positioning problem. We aim to track the relative position of a group of mobile users by integrating the inertial measurement provided by the IMU and the peer to peer ranging measurement from the UWB. As our approach does not rely on any given infrastructure, t
Figure 1: Illustration of the relative positioning problem. We aim to track the relative position of a group of mobile users by integrating the inertial measurement provided by the IMU and the peer to peer ranging measurement from the UWB. As our approach does not rely on any given infrastructure, t

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1IMU与UWB数据能否被有效融合,实现在无基础设施环境下的精确相对定位?
  • RQ2IMU推算定位与UWB测距的结合在多大程度上减少了移动用户定位中的累积误差?
  • RQ3环境遮挡在多大程度上影响UWB的检测概率及整体系统性能?
  • RQ4双粒子滤波器框架能否有效解决协作相对定位中的定位模糊性并从故障中恢复?

主要发现

  • 在真实世界实验中,系统在所有用户对之间均实现了2.2米的相对定位误差,显著优于原始IMU的3.0米误差。
  • UWB检测概率与距离相关,且受遮挡影响而降低,即使在近距离也未达到100%。
  • IMU与UWB数据的融合有效减少了漂移并提升了定位一致性,表现为引入UWB数据后IMU轨迹向真实轨迹收敛。
  • 双粒子滤波器框架成功缓解了定位故障,并解决了因UWB缺乏方位信息而引发的模糊性问题。
  • 系统在具有动态运动和环境障碍物的真实场景中表现出鲁棒性,验证了无基础设施协作定位的可行性。
Figure 2: Particle filtering for sensor fusion.
Figure 2: Particle filtering for sensor fusion.

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