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[论文解读] Critical dynamics of gene networks is a mechanism behind ageing and Gompertz law

Dmitriy I. Podolskiy, I. Molodtcov|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 15, 2015
Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms参考文献 62被引用 15
一句话总结

本文提出,基因调控网络(GRNs)中的临界动力学是衰老及Gompertz死亡率定律的根源。通过分析果蝇的转录组和代谢组数据,作者发现GRNs在临界附近运行,导致具有特征时间尺度$t_\alpha$的随机指数不稳定,该时间尺度与死亡率翻倍时间($t_{\text{MRDT}}$)一致,从而因果性地将GRN不稳定性与年龄相关死亡率上升联系起来,并解释了晚龄期死亡率减缓现象。

ABSTRACT

Although accumulation of molecular damage is suggested to be an important molecular mechanism of aging, a quantitative link between the dynamics of damage accumulation and mortality of species has so far remained elusive. To address this question, we examine stability properties of a generic gene regulatory network (GRN) and demonstrate that many characteristics of aging and the associated population mortality rate emerge as inherent properties of the critical dynamics of gene regulation and metabolic levels. Based on the analysis of age-dependent changes in gene-expression and metabolic profiles in Drosophila melanogaster, we explicitly show that the underlying GRNs are nearly critical and inherently unstable. This instability manifests itself as aging in the form of distortion of gene expression and metabolic profiles with age, and causes the characteristic increase in mortality rate with age as described by a form of the Gompertz law. In addition, we explain late-life mortality deceleration observed at very late ages for large populations. We show that aging contains a stochastic component, related to accumulation of regulatory errors in transcription/translation/metabolic pathways due to imperfection of signaling cascades in the network and of responses to environmental factors. We also establish that there is a strong deterministic component, suggesting genetic control. Since mortality in humans, where it is characterized best, is strongly associated with the incidence of age-related diseases, our findings support the idea that aging is the driving force behind the development of chronic human diseases.

研究动机与目标

  • 建立基因调控网络(GRN)动力学与衰老Gompertz定律之间的因果联系。
  • 探究GRNs中的临界动力学是否能够解释死亡率随年龄的指数增长。
  • 研究在大规模种群中观察到的晚龄期死亡率减缓现象的成因。
  • 通过果蝇的转录组和代谢组分析,识别衰老生物标志物。
  • 通过GRN稳定性分析,探讨衰老的确定性与随机性成分。

提出的方法

  • 对果蝇黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的年龄依赖性转录组和代谢组数据应用本征正交分解(POD)。
  • 通过提取基因表达和代谢谱的自相关函数,获得特征不稳定性时间尺度$t_\alpha$。
  • 为临界状态下的GRN动力学建立随机Fokker-Planck方程,以模拟应激因子的波动。
  • 采用Langevin方程和首次 passage time(FPT)方法,将衰老描述为具有指数不稳定的随机过程。
  • 从FPT分布和存活概率计算死亡率$M(t)$,显示其在老年阶段趋于平台。
  • 对显著的GRN组分及其人类同源基因进行GO和KEGG通路富集分析,以识别与衰老相关的基因和通路。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基因调控网络中的临界动力学是否能够解释与年龄相关的死亡率指数增长?
  • RQ2GRN不稳定性特征时间尺度$t_\alpha$是否等同于衰老物种的死亡率翻倍时间$t_{\text{MRDT}}$?
  • RQ3在大规模种群中,为何观察到老年期死亡率减缓?
  • RQ4衰老在多大程度上由GRN的确定性不稳定性驱动,而非随机调控误差?
  • RQ5在果蝇中,哪些特定基因和代谢物是衰老的生物标志物,其人类同源基因是什么?

主要发现

  • 果蝇基因和代谢网络的特征不稳定性时间尺度$t_\alpha$与该物种的死亡率翻倍时间$t_{\text{MRDT}}$一致,支持GRN临界性与Gompertz型死亡率之间的因果联系。
  • 死亡率$M(t)$随年龄呈指数增长,并在老年阶段趋于平台,即$M(t \gtrsim t_{\text{ls}}) \sim 1/t_{\text{MRDT}}$,与地中海果蝇和果蝇的实证数据一致。
  • 晚龄期死亡率减缓源于首次通过时间分布和存活概率分布的指数衰减,导致恒定的渐近死亡率。
  • Gompertz指数$\alpha$与晚龄期死亡率平台$M_\infty = \alpha$之间存在强相关性,尤其在$\alpha Z^2/\Delta \gtrsim 1$的短寿命物种中更为显著。
  • 被识别为GRN不稳定性向量$b$中主导成分的基因和代谢物,富集于与衰老、代谢和应激反应相关的通路,且在已知的衰老相关网络中具有显著的人类同源基因。
  • 本研究识别出GRN临界性在衰老中起主导的确定性作用,同时承认由于调控响应不完善和环境噪声导致的随机成分。

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