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[论文解读] Data-Driven Robust Optimization Using Scenario-Induced Uncertainty Sets

Meysam Cheramin, Richard Li-Yang Chen|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 11, 2021
Risk and Portfolio Optimization参考文献 22被引用 13
一句话总结

该论文提出了一种基于主成分分析(PCA)的数据驱动多面体不确定集,用于构建场景诱导的不确定集,以在鲁棒优化中平衡可处理性、保守性和鲁棒性。通过将相关场景转换为不相关的主成分并截断至前导主成分,该方法实现了解决方案质量与计算复杂度之间的直接权衡,并提供了最优性间隙和样本量需求的理论边界。

ABSTRACT

Uncertainty sets are at the heart of robust optimization (RO) because they play a key role in determining the RO models' tractability, robustness, and conservativeness. Different types of uncertainty sets have been proposed that model uncertainty from various perspectives. Among them, polyhedral uncertainty sets are widely used due to their simplicity and flexible structure to model the underlying uncertainty. However, the conventional polyhedral uncertainty sets present certain disadvantages; some are too conservative while others lead to computationally expensive RO models. This paper proposes a systematic approach to develop data-driven polyhedral uncertainty sets that mitigate these drawbacks. The proposed uncertainty sets are polytopes induced by a given set of scenarios, capture correlation information between uncertain parameters, and allow for direct trade-offs between tractability and conservativeness issue of conventional polyhedral uncertainty sets. To develop these uncertainty sets, we use principal component analysis (PCA) to transform the correlated scenarios into their uncorrelated principal components and to shrink the uncertainty space dimensionality. Thus, decision-makers can use the number of the leading principal components as a tool to trade-off tractability, conservativeness, and robustness of RO models. We quantify the quality of the lower bound of a static RO problem with a scenario-induced uncertainty set by deriving a theoretical bound on the optimality gap. Additionally, we derive probabilistic guarantees for the performance of the proposed scenario-induced uncertainty sets by developing explicit lower bounds on the number of scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed uncertainty sets to trade-off tractability, robustness, and conservativeness by examining a range of knapsack and power grid problems.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决传统多面体不确定集的局限性,这些集合要么过于保守,要么计算成本过高。
  • 开发数据驱动的不确定集,以捕捉不确定参数之间的相关性,同时提高计算可处理性。
  • 通过主成分数量系统地权衡鲁棒性、保守性和计算效率。
  • 为静态鲁棒优化问题中鲁棒问题与其下界之间最优性间隙建立理论边界。
  • 通过确定达到所需置信水平所需的最小场景数,推导出性能的概率保证。

提出的方法

  • 使用PCA将历史场景转换为主成分,以解耦并降低不确定性的维度。
  • 将前 $ m_1 $ 个主成分的凸包构造为多面体不确定集,形成场景诱导的不确定集 $ ilde{oldsymbol{ ho}}_{ ext{pca}}(oldsymbol{S}, m_1) $。
  • 将前导主成分数 $ m_1 $ 作为控制参数,以平衡鲁棒性与可处理性。
  • 推导出在分段线性目标下,静态鲁棒优化问题最优值与其下界之间差距的理论上限。
  • 推导出为实现高置信度的概率性能保证,所需场景数的显式下界。
  • 将该方法应用于0-1背包问题和电力系统网络问题,以在实践中验证权衡效果。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1如何构建数据驱动的多面体不确定集,以相较于传统集合更好地捕捉相关性并减少保守性?
  • RQ2主成分数 $ m_1 $ 在多大程度上可系统性地用于在计算可处理性与解决方案鲁棒性之间进行权衡?
  • RQ3对于具有场景诱导不确定集的静态鲁棒优化问题,鲁棒解与其下界之间最优性间隙的理论边界是什么?
  • RQ4为确保所提不确定集的性能具有概率保证,所需的最小场景数是多少?
  • RQ5与标准不确定集相比,所提出的不确定集在电力系统网络和0-1背包等实际应用中的表现如何?

主要发现

  • 在 $ \rho_1 = 0.5 $ 的电力系统问题中,使用 $ m_1 = 36 $ 个主成分而非 $ m_1 = m $(全维)将下界间隙从15.71降低至12.37,提升了可处理性,同时未牺牲鲁棒性。
  • 当 $ \rho_1 = 0.9 $ 时,$ m_1 = 42 $ 时的间隙降至0.61%,表明更高的 $ m_1 $ 值可产生更紧致、更鲁棒的边界,且计算成本可控。
  • 在 $ \rho_1 = 0.5 $ 条件下,求解电力系统问题的时间从全维的73.2秒降至 $ m_1 = 42 $ 时的2.9秒,显著提升了计算效率。
  • 在0-1背包问题中,该方法的最优性间隙比盒型不确定集低1.61倍,表明在保持鲁棒性的同时减少了保守性。
  • 理论分析证实,下界间隙是有界的,且为实现概率性能保证所需场景数随置信度和维度的增加而有利地增长。
  • 实证结果表明,$ m_1 $ 是一个实用的控制参数:增加 $ m_1 $ 可收紧边界并提升鲁棒性,而减少 $ m_1 $ 可增强可处理性。

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