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[论文解读] Dear Magellanic Clouds, welcome back!

Eugene Vasiliev|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 8, 2023
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies被引用 6
一句话总结

本文提出,大麦哲伦云(LMC)正处于其绕银河系的第二次掠过,基于N体模拟显示其轨道动力学与当前观测约束一致。第二次掠过情景可解释LMC潮汐碎片的广泛分布,并表明LMC可能带来了4至6个已消失的矮星系,包括大犬座和天龙座等经典dSph,这些星系各自有约50%的概率曾与麦哲伦系统相关联,从而为‘卫星星系平面’之谜提供了解决方案。

ABSTRACT

We propose a scenario in which the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is on its second passage around the Milky Way. Using a series of tailored N-body simulations, we demonstrate that such orbits are consistent with current observational constraints on the mass distribution and relative velocity of both galaxies. The previous pericentre passage of the LMC could have occurred 5-10 Gyr ago at a distance >~100 kpc, large enough to retain its current population of satellites. The perturbations of the Milky Way halo induced by the LMC look nearly identical to the first-passage scenario, however, the distribution of LMC debris is considerably broader in the second-passage model. We examine the likelihood of current and past association with the Magellanic system for dwarf galaxies in the Local Group, and find that in addition to 10-11 current LMC satellites, it could have brought a further 4-6 galaxies that have been lost after the first pericentre passage. In particular, four of the classical dwarfs - Carina, Draco, Fornax and Ursa Minor - each have a ~50% probability of once belonging to the Magellanic system, thus providing a possible explanation for the ``plane of satellites'' conundrum.

研究动机与目标

  • 探究大麦哲伦云(LMC)是否可能正处于其绕银河系的第二次掠过,以挑战主流的首次掠过情景。
  • 评估第二次掠过轨道与当前关于LMC质量、速度和距离的观测约束的一致性。
  • 研究LMC潮汐碎片分布及对银河系晕造成扰动的潜在影响。
  • 评估本星系群矮星系与麦哲伦系统之间过去关联的可能性,特别是针对经典dSph。
  • 为利用公开可用的模拟数据和工具,测试新发现卫星与麦哲伦系统的关联性,提供一个框架。

提出的方法

  • 开展了一系列针对银河系-LMC系统的定制N体模拟,将两星系均建模为具有平衡初始条件的无碰撞N体系统。
  • 使用Agama恒星动力学工具箱构建LMC和银河系的平衡模型,为暗物质晕采用具有平滑截断的NFW型密度分布。
  • 将银河系建模为球对称暗物质晕、具有截断Hernquist型轮廓的星系核球和指数盘,其参数经校准以匹配观测到的质量和圆轨道速度分布。
  • 通过调整银河系和LMC的总质量,探索轨道周期和能量约束,重点关注与当前数据一致的弱束缚轨道。
  • 追踪LMC的潮汐碎片,并分析银河系晕中的扰动,以与首次掠过情景进行比较。
  • 通过Zenodo存储库公开共享模拟快照、时变势场和分析脚本,以支持未来对卫星关联性的研究。
Figure 1: Enclosed mass profiles of the Milky Way (top series of curves) and LMC (bottom series). The two Milky Way models, $\mathcal{M}$ 10 and $\mathcal{M}$ 11, differ by $\lesssim 10\%$ in the plotted radial range and change little during the evolution (shown are the current profiles). By contras
Figure 1: Enclosed mass profiles of the Milky Way (top series of curves) and LMC (bottom series). The two Milky Way models, $\mathcal{M}$ 10 and $\mathcal{M}$ 11, differ by $\lesssim 10\%$ in the plotted radial range and change little during the evolution (shown are the current profiles). By contras

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1LMC的当前轨道是否可能与第二次掠过银河系相符,而非首次掠过?
  • RQ2首次与第二次掠过情景下,LMC潮汐碎片的分布有何不同?
  • RQ3银河系晕的扰动在多大程度上可由第二次掠过轨道解释?
  • RQ4像大犬座、天龙座、雕齿兽座和小熊座这样的经典dSph,其曾属于麦哲伦系统的概率是多少?
  • RQ5LMC在其首次过近点掠过期间,可能带来了多少额外的矮星系并随后丢失?

主要发现

  • 第二次掠过情景与当前关于LMC质量、速度和距离的观测约束一致,尤其当银河系质量接近10^12 M☉且具有20–30%不确定度时。
  • 与首次掠过情景相比,第二次掠过模型中LMC潮汐碎片的分布更为广泛,提供了关键的区分依据。
  • LMC在首次过近点掠过后可能带来了并丢失了4至6个额外的矮星系,除目前已知的10至11个LMC卫星外。
  • 每个经典dSph(大犬座、天龙座、雕齿兽座和小熊座)均有约50%的概率曾属于麦哲伦系统,为‘卫星星系平面’之谜提供了合理解释。
  • 尽管银河系势场和LMC参数存在不确定性,该情景依然成立,因为轨道为弱束缚状态,对能量的微小变化敏感。
  • 通过Zenodo公开提供了模拟数据和分析工具,以支持未来对新发现卫星与麦哲伦系统关联性的测试。
Figure 2: Illustration of accuracy of orbit reconstruction, using possible orbits of two satellite galaxies as an example. Left column shows the difference in position between the trajectories of particles in the original simulation and their reconstructed orbits in the approximated potential, start
Figure 2: Illustration of accuracy of orbit reconstruction, using possible orbits of two satellite galaxies as an example. Left column shows the difference in position between the trajectories of particles in the original simulation and their reconstructed orbits in the approximated potential, start

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