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[论文解读] Deciphering Lyman-$α$ Emission Deep into the Epoch of Reionisation

Callum Witten, Nicolas Laporte|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 28, 2023
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena被引用 7
一句话总结

本文提出,红移 z > 7 的高红移星系中频繁的并合事件驱动了爆发式恒星形成,形成被清除的中性气体通道,使莱曼-α 光子即使在致密的星系际和星系间介质中也能逃逸。通过使用高分辨率的詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜 NIRCam 成像以及包含宇宙射线反馈的新型辐射转移模拟,作者表明,所有在 z > 7 观测到的莱曼-α 发射体均有近距离伴星,且并合驱动的反馈促进了莱曼-α 光子的逃逸,从而解决了再电离时期莱曼-α 检测长期存在的谜题。

ABSTRACT

During the epoch of reionisation the first galaxies were enshrouded in pristine neutral gas, with one of the brightest emission lines in star-forming galaxies, Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$), expected to remain undetected until the Universe became ionised. Providing an explanation for the surprising detection of Ly$α$ in these early galaxies is a major challenge for extra-galactic studies. Recent JWST observations have reignited the debate on whether residence in an overdensity of galaxies is a it sufficient and necessary condition for Ly$α$ to escape. Here, we take unique advantage of both high-resolution and high-sensitivity images from the JWST instrument NIRCam to reveal that all galaxies in a sample of z>7 Ly$α$ emitters have close companions. We exploit novel on-the-fly radiative transfer magnetohydrodynamical simulations with cosmic ray feedback to show that galaxies with frequent mergers have very bursty star formation which drives episodes of high intrinsic Ly$α$ emission and facilitates the escape of Ly$α$ photons along channels cleared of neutral gas. We conclude that the rapid build up of stellar mass through mergers presents a compelling solution to the long-standing puzzle of the detection of Ly$α$ emission deep into the epoch of reionisation.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决再电离时期高红移星系中莱曼-α 辐射检测的悖论,即中性气体本应抑制此类辐射。
  • 探究星系过密区或并合活动是否是 z > 7 莱曼-α 发射体(LAEs)中莱曼-α 逃逸的关键驱动力。
  • 确定物理机制如何使莱曼-α 光子能够从早期富含气体的中性环境中逃逸。
  • 将观测的 JWST 数据与先进的宇宙学模拟相结合,以检验并合驱动反馈在促进莱曼-α 逃逸中的作用。

提出的方法

  • 分析了来自多个深空场(GOODS-N、GOODS-S、EGS、COSMOS)的九个光谱确认的 z > 7 莱曼-α 发射体的高分辨率、高灵敏度 JWST NIRCam 成像。
  • 利用高分辨率成像识别出所有九个 z > 7 莱曼-α 发射体的近距离伴星,评估其空间聚集性和相互作用潜力。
  • 通过使用包含宇宙射线反馈的磁流体动力学模型,进行实时辐射转移模拟,以模拟并合驱动的、气体被清除的通道中莱曼-α 光子的传播。
  • 使用 RASCAS 代码模拟不同视线方向的莱曼-α 轮廓,考虑共振散射和 IGM 衰减。
  • 将模拟的莱曼-α 轮廓(多普勒频移、半高全宽、不对称性)与 EGSY8p68 的观测轮廓进行比较,验证模型的一致性。
  • 对观测星系进行 SED 拟合与测光分析,以约束恒星质量、恒星形成速率和尘埃含量。
Figure 1: An abundance of galaxy mergers seen with NIRCam. Cutouts of JWST images (as different surveys make use of different filters, the filter within which the companion is most clearly present is shown: F182M for GSDY and z7-GSD-3811, F200W for EGSY8p68, F115W for CEERS-1027, JADES-GS-z7-LA and
Figure 1: An abundance of galaxy mergers seen with NIRCam. Cutouts of JWST images (as different surveys make use of different filters, the filter within which the companion is most clearly present is shown: F182M for GSDY and z7-GSD-3811, F200W for EGSY8p68, F115W for CEERS-1027, JADES-GS-z7-LA and

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1为何在 z > 7 的高红移星系中,尽管星际介质(ISM)和星系间介质(IGM)中的中性气体应强烈抑制辐射,莱曼-α 光子仍可被探测到?
  • RQ2在再电离时期,近距离伴星的存在是否是莱曼-α 逃逸的必要或充分条件?
  • RQ3并合驱动的恒星形成爆发与宇宙射线反馈如何促进莱曼-α 光子穿越中性气体的逃逸?
  • RQ4模拟的莱曼-α 轮廓在多大程度上与高红移 LAE(如 EGSY8p68)的观测轮廓一致?
  • RQ5并合诱导的气体清除能否形成低光学厚度通道,使共振莱曼-α 光子得以逃逸星际介质?

主要发现

  • 样本中所有九个 z > 7 莱曼-α 发射体均有近距离伴星,表明其与星系过密区或相互作用存在强烈关联。
  • 并合驱动的爆发式恒星形成导致莱曼-α 光度瞬时显著增强,提高了在中性气体短暂清除期间逃逸的概率。
  • 模拟结果表明,来自并合的宇宙射线反馈可在星际介质中清除低密度通道,使莱曼-α 光子沿优选视线方向逃逸。
  • 对 z = 7.3 系统的模拟莱曼-α 轮廓与 EGSY8p68 的观测轮廓在多普勒频移(~200 km/s)和半高全宽(~200 km/s)上高度一致,且具有明显的不对称形状。
  • 观测到的莱曼-α 辐射与通过并合诱导反馈形成的瞬态低光学厚度通道逃逸一致,而非通过大尺度电离泡。
  • 高分辨率成像与先进辐射转移模拟的结合,为并合是早期宇宙中莱曼-α 逃逸的关键机制提供了强有力证据。
Figure 2: Comparison of Azahar to an observed galaxy merger. (Left panels) NIRCam F150W (above) and HST F160W (below) imaging of the LAE EGSY8p68. The NIRCam imaging reveals three components to the system that were previously unresolved by HST . (Right panels) Analogue galaxy merger from the Azahar
Figure 2: Comparison of Azahar to an observed galaxy merger. (Left panels) NIRCam F150W (above) and HST F160W (below) imaging of the LAE EGSY8p68. The NIRCam imaging reveals three components to the system that were previously unresolved by HST . (Right panels) Analogue galaxy merger from the Azahar

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