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[论文解读] Deconfined quantum criticality in spin-1/2 chains with long-range interactions

Sibin Yang, Dao‐Xin Yao|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 9, 2020
Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism参考文献 72被引用 24
一句话总结

本文研究了一维自旋-1/2链中具有长程幂律衰减的海森堡相互作用与竞争性多体自旋相互作用的系统,后者倾向于形成二聚化价键固体(VBS)态。通过量子蒙特卡洛和Lanczos对角化方法,研究发现自旋-1/2链中反铁磁(AFM)序与VBS序之间存在直接的、连续的量子相变——类似于二维的禁闭量子临界点,自旋子从无能隙自旋波中分数化。临界点表现出通过序参量协方差的椭圆(各向异性)形式实现的涌现O(4)对称性,暗示了一种新颖的、尚未被探索的场论描述。

ABSTRACT

We study spin-$1/2$ chains with long-range power-law decaying unfrustrated (bipartite) Heisenberg exchange $J_r \propto r^{-α}$ and multi-spin interactions $Q$ favoring a valence-bond solid (VBS) ground state. Employing quantum Monte Carlo techniques and Lanczos diagonalization, we analyze order parameters and excited-state level crossings to characterize quantum states and phase transitions in the $(α,Q)$ plane. For weak $Q$ and sufficiently slowly decaying Heisenberg interactions (small $α$), the system has a long-range-ordered antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state, and upon increasing $α$ there is a continuous transition into a quasi long-range ordered (QLRO) critical state of the type in the standard Heisenberg chain. For rapidly decaying long-range interactions, there is transition between QLRO and VBS ground states of the same kind as in the frustrated $J_1$-$J_2$ Heisenberg chain. Our most important finding is a direct continuous quantum phase transition between the AFM and VBS states - a close analogy to the 2D deconfined quantum-critical point. In previous 1D analogies the ordered phases both have gapped fractional excitations, and the critical point is a conventional Luttinger Liquid. In our model the excitations fractionalize upon transitioning from the AFM state, changing from spin waves to deconfined spinons. We extract critical exponents at the AFM-VBS transition and use order-parameter distributions to study emergent symmetries. We find emergent O($4$) symmetry of the O($3$) AFM and scalar VBS order parameters. Thus, the order parameter fluctuations exhibit the covariance of a uniaxially deformed O($4$) sphere (an "elliptical" symmetry). This unusual quantum phase transition does not yet have any known field theory description, and our detailed results can serve to guide its construction. We discuss possible experimental realizations.

研究动机与目标

  • 探索在一维自旋-1/2链中,具有长程相互作用的系统是否存在自旋-1/2链中反铁磁(AFM)序与价键固体(VBS)序之间的直接、连续量子相变。
  • 研究此类相变是否表现出与二维禁闭量子临界点(DQCP)类似的特征,尽管目前尚无已知的场论描述。
  • 分析临界点处涌现对称性的性质,特别是序参量涨落的协方差结构。
  • 识别在囚禁离子或里德堡原子系统中可实现的实验平台,其中可工程化长程自旋相互作用。

提出的方法

  • 采用大规模量子蒙特卡洛(QMC)模拟,计算参数空间(Q, α)中的基态序参量和能级交叉。
  • 利用Lanczos对角化方法计算小体系尺寸下的精确能谱,并验证QMC结果。
  • 分析Binder累积量及序参量的有限尺寸标度,以定位相边界和临界点。
  • 定义联合序参量分布,并计算偏离度量(如δR),以检测AFM与VBS序参量之间的对称性涌现与关联。
  • 对序参量应用尺度变换,揭示临界点处的各向异性(椭圆)O(4)对称性,且各向异性随体系尺寸增大而增强。
  • 比较长程(α < ∞)与短程(α = ∞)模型的结果,以分离长程相互作用在对称性涌现中的作用。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在一维长程自旋链中,反铁磁序与价键固体序之间是否存在直接的、连续的量子相变?
  • RQ2在AFM–VBS相变临界点处,临界涨落是否表现出涌现O(4)对称性?若是,其具体形式为何?
  • RQ3该临界点的性质与传统的Luttinger液体或朗道-金兹堡-威尔逊范式有何不同?
  • RQ4该临界点能否由场论描述?此类理论必须具备何种结构特征(如各向异性)?
  • RQ5哪些实验平台可实现并探测这一新颖的量子相变?

主要发现

  • 在长程J–Q链中,观察到反铁磁(AFM)相与价键固体(VBS)相之间存在直接的、连续的量子相变,无一级相变或共存相。
  • 在临界点处,自旋子从无能隙自旋波中分数化,标志着与传统Luttinger液体行为的偏离。
  • O(3) AFM序参量与标量VBS序参量结合形成O(4)向量,但仅在对其中一个参量施加尺度变换后才显现,揭示出椭圆(各向异性)O(4)对称性。
  • 涌现对称性的各向异性随观测尺度增大而增强,表明O(4)球面发生尺度依赖的形变。
  • 有限尺寸标度显示,联合序参量相关性(δR)在VBS相中衰减至零,但在临界点和Q-序长程序(QLRO)相中保持有限,证实了持久关联的存在。
  • 该模型表现出一种新颖的临界点,尚无已知场论描述,临界指数已被提取,对称性结构为未来理论构建提供了关键约束。

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