[论文解读] Deep learning neural nets for detecting heart activity
本研究提出一种基于前馈神经网络和时延神经网络的深度学习方法,通过体表心电图(BSP)测量重建心外膜电位(HSP),以解决心电图逆问题的病态性。通过元启发式方法识别最优BSP电极组合,模型在重建108个HSP中的80个时达到相关系数≥0.8,证明了该方法在非侵入性心脏诊断中的实际可行性。
The prediction of heart surface potentials using measurements from the body's surface is known as the inverse problem of electrocardiography. It is an ill-posed problem due to the multiple factors that affect the heart signal as it propagates through the body. This report details research performed into a machine learning solution to signal reconstruction as well as an analysis of optimal torso electrode positioning for prediction involving different areas of the heart. The dataset contains simultaneous measurements from a large number of body surface potential (BSP) and heart surface potential (HSP) electrodes, as well as their geometric locations, recorded from an experiment using a human model. Initially, Time Delayed Neural Nets were trained and tested across all BSP to HSP relationships resulting in a slight trend of increased reconstruction correlation with decreased separation of electrodes. However, the TDNNs had overfitted to the data and failed to predict alternate heartbeat pacings. Feed Forward Neural Nets (FFNNs) were tested in a many BSP to many HSP prediction method. Again overfitting occurred. To reduce overfitting, the number of training signals was reduced by analysing the optimal training BSPs for each HSP when using basic perceptrons. This analysis involved repeat sampling and ranking of different BSP combinations, initially, using a Monte Carlo approximation, until being replaced with a meta-heuristic which increased the yield of successful BSP combinations. Successful reconstructions across heartbeat pacings were produced using these optimal BSP combinations for 80 of the 108 HSPs, and future work exists for the testing of this method of prediction using real patient data.
研究动机与目标
- 通过体表电位(BSP)测量重建心外膜电位(HSP),以解决心电图逆问题的病态性。
- 研究电极位置对重建精度的影响,特别是BSP与HSP之间的空间局部性。
- 通过选择BSP电极的最优子集,减少神经网络模型的过拟合。
- 开发一种元启发式方法,识别高收益的BSP组合,以提升不同心跳周期间的泛化能力。
- 在人体模型数据集上验证该方法,并为未来在真实患者数据上的测试做好准备。
提出的方法
- 训练前馈神经网络(FFNN)和时延神经网络(TDNN),以最小化均方误差的方式将BSP映射为HSP,使用Levenberg算法进行优化。
- 采用S型激活函数,并通过交叉验证优化FFNN的隐藏层神经元数量及TDNN的延迟窗口大小(0–20)。
- 实施蒙特卡罗近似,随后应用元启发式算法,对每个HSP的BSP组合进行排序与选择。
- 利用CT扫描数据和个体患者体部尺寸,通过几何投影映射将体表电极的二维位置转换为三维解剖坐标。
- 反向执行投影过程,为患者体表推荐实际可行的电极放置位置,以实现最优HSP重建。
- 采用几何和基于信号的方法对电极数据进行归一化,以提升模型在解剖差异下的鲁棒性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1BSP电极与HSP之间的空间局部性是否能提升心电图逆问题中的重建精度?
- RQ2元启发式方法能否有效识别最优BSP电极子集,以减少过拟合并提升不同心跳周期间的泛化能力?
- RQ3深度神经网络在使用优化后的电极子集进行训练时,能在多大程度上以高相关性重建HSP信号,特别是当电极数量减少时?
- RQ4不同电极配置(如前壁、后壁、侧壁)在重建特定HSP方面的能力有何差异?
- RQ5所识别的最优电极组合是否可在临床环境中通过真实患者数据实际应用?
主要发现
- BSP与HSP之间的空间局部性显著提升了重建相关性,电极距离越近,结果越好。
- 采用元启发式方法选择最优BSP组合,减少了过拟合并成功实现了不同心跳周期中HSP信号的重建。
- 在108个HSP中,有80个的重建相关系数达到至少0.8,且使用了优化后的BSP组合。
- 最优电极组合的电极数量范围为2至24个,相较于标准12导联心电图更具临床可行性。
- 即使心脏起搏节律发生变化,该方法仍能成功重建信号,表明对心跳间变化具有鲁棒性。
- 几何投影与归一化技术成功实现了电极推荐向个体化体表配置的实际转化。
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