[论文解读] Demonstrating a superconducting dual-rail cavity qubit with erasure-detected logical measurements
本文通过实验演示了一个双轨腔超导量子比特,具备消隐检测的逻辑测量,实现了高的 SPAM 保真度并将大多数衰减错误转化为消隐,以便有效的错误纠正基准测试。
A critical challenge in developing scalable error-corrected quantum systems is the accumulation of errors while performing operations and measurements. One promising approach is to design a system where errors can be detected and converted into erasures. Such a system utilizing erasure qubits are known to have relaxed requirements for quantum error correction. A recent proposal aims to do this using a dual-rail encoding with superconducting cavities. However, experimental characterization and demonstration of a dual-rail cavity qubit has not yet been realized. In this work, we implement such a dual-rail cavity qubit; we demonstrate a projective logical measurement with integrated erasure detection and use it to measure dual-rail qubit idling errors. We measure logical state preparation and measurement errors at the $0.01\%$-level and detect over $99\%$ of cavity decay events as erasures. We use the precision of this new measurement protocol to distinguish different types of errors in this system, finding that while decay errors occur with probability $\sim 0.2\%$ per microsecond, phase errors occur 6 times less frequently and bit flips occur at least 140 times less frequently. These findings represent the first confirmation of the expected error hierarchy necessary to concatenate dual-rail erasure qubits into a highly efficient erasure code.
研究动机与目标
- 动机化并实现消隐量子比特,以放宽量子纠错的要求。
- 在电路量子电动力学(circuit QED)中实现一个双轨腔量子比特,配备集成的消隐检测逻辑测量。
- 量化 SPAM 和泄漏检测性能,并表征怠速误差率。
- 建立误差等级(衰减、相位和比特翻转),以指导未来的消隐码集成。
提出的方法
- 在两腔的双轨中编码量子比特,配备一个 ancilla transmon 作为控制和读出。
- 执行光子数选择性的 π-脉冲,将腔态映射到 transmon 态,并通过分散读出确定结果。
- 实现端线的消隐检测逻辑测量,包含一个或多个腔测量轮次和解码策略。
- 通过制备 |01⟩ 或 |10⟩ 来测量逻辑 SPAM,并评估逻辑错误分配与消隐比例。
- 通过有意制备泄漏态并量化检测误差来测试泄漏检测能力。
- 使用仿真和简化错误模型,将观测到的错误归因于特定物理过程。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1双轨腔量子比特是否能提供带有超低错误分配的消隐检测逻辑测量?
- RQ2将衰减错误转化为消隐的效力如何,以及泄漏检测效率是否>99%?
- RQ3在该体系中主导的怠速误差率(比特翻转和相位)是什么,与消隐率相比如何?
- RQ4多轮测量与解码策略如何影响逻辑错误分配与消隐率?
主要发现
- 逻辑误差分配错误为:(1.8 ± 0.3) × 10^−4,取自状态制备的平均值。
- 消隐比例: (6.03 ± 0.05) × 10^−2,针对单轮 SPAM 测量。
- 泄漏检测误差: (7.7 ± 0.3) × 10^−3,获得 >99% 的泄漏转为消隐。
- 两轮测量将逻辑错误分配降至 (4 ± 2) × 10^−5,泄漏检测误差降至 (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10^−3,消隐比例上升至 (17 ± 0.1) × 10^−2。
- 腔衰减率:约 0.2%/μs;相位误差比衰减误差小约 6 倍;比特翻转错误至少比衰减错误小 140 倍。
- Ramsey 与回波去相干率:Γ_Rφ = 1/(2.2 ± 0.2 ms) 和 Γ_Eφ = 1/(2.7 ± 0.2 ms);相位翻转概率 p_φ 约为 0.023% 和 0.019% 每微秒。
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