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[论文解读] Demonstration of Machine Learning-assisted real-time noise regression in gravitational wave detectors

M. Saleem, Alec Gunny|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 20, 2023
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves ResearchPhysics and Astronomy被引用 3
一句话总结

本文展示了DeepClean,一种卷积神经网络,通过使用监测传感器估计并减去非线性、非平稳噪声(如60 Hz电源线谐波),实现实时、低延迟的引力波探测器噪声回归,从而在不损害天体物理信号的情况下提高信噪比,延迟低至1–2秒。

ABSTRACT

Real-time noise regression algorithms are crucial for maximizing the science outcomes of the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors. This includes improvements in the detectability, source localization and pre-merger detectability of signals thereby enabling rapid multi-messenger follow-up. In this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of extit{DeepClean}, a convolutional neural network architecture that uses witness sensors to estimate and subtract non-linear and non-stationary noise from gravitational-wave strain data. Our study uses LIGO data from the third observing run with injected compact binary signals. As a demonstration, we use extit{DeepClean} to subtract the noise at 60 Hz due to the power mains and their sidebands arising from non-linear coupling with other instrumental noise sources. Our parameter estimation study on the injected signals shows that extit{DeepClean} does not do any harm to the underlying astrophysical signals in the data while it can enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of potential signals. We show that extit{DeepClean} can be used for low-latency noise regression to produce cleaned output data at latencies $\sim 1-2$\, s. We also discuss various considerations that may be made while training extit{DeepClean} for low latency applications.

研究动机与目标

  • 实现实时、低延迟的引力波探测器噪声回归,以提高检测灵敏度并支持快速多信使后续观测。
  • 解决非线性与非平稳噪声耦合(如60 Hz电源线谐波)对探测器灵敏度的负面影响。
  • 验证基于机器学习的噪声减法不会扭曲或损害数据中的真实天体物理信号。
  • 确定噪声回归模型的最优再训练频率,以在长时间内保持性能。
  • 证明在低延迟要求下将DeepClean部署于生产环境的可行性,适用于即将开始的O4观测运行。

提出的方法

  • 采用一种名为DeepClean的卷积神经网络(CNN)架构,利用辅助监测传感器通道对引力波应变数据中的噪声进行建模与回归。
  • 基于LIGO第三轮观测运行(O3)的历史数据进行模型训练,使用1秒数据帧以实现低延迟推理。
  • 通过估计并减去应变通道中的噪声分量(特别是60 Hz及其边带)来对实时数据进行清理。
  • 采用一种策略以减轻清理段落中的边缘伪影:等待下一个1秒帧,确保当前段落无边缘效应。
  • 通过下游应用(如紧凑双星探测与参数估计)对注入信号的验证来评估性能。
  • 通过在不同日期的数据上重新训练模型并测量信噪比提升(通过ASD比值)来评估模型随时间的稳定性。
Figure 1: The top diagram illustrates the DeepClean architecture and the workflow. DeepClean takes timeseries data from multiple witness channels as input and runs it through a fully convolutional autoencoder. The autoencoder has four convolution layers for downsampling and four transpose-convolutio
Figure 1: The top diagram illustrates the DeepClean architecture and the workflow. DeepClean takes timeseries data from multiple witness channels as input and runs it through a fully convolutional autoencoder. The autoencoder has four convolution layers for downsampling and four transpose-convolutio

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1DeepClean能否在引力波探测器中实现1–2秒延迟的实时噪声回归?
  • RQ2DeepClean是否能在不引入失真或退化的情况下提高天体物理信号的信噪比?
  • RQ3为保持长期最优性能,尤其针对非平稳耦合,DeepClean模型需多频繁地重新训练?
  • RQ4该模型能否有效抑制由非线性耦合引起的60 Hz电源线噪声及其边带?
  • RQ5在未来的观测运行(如O4)中,将DeepClean部署于低延迟在线处理的实际影响是什么?

主要发现

  • DeepClean成功实现实时降低60 Hz电源线噪声及其边带,延迟约为1–2秒。
  • 经过DeepClean处理后,注入的紧凑双星信号的信噪比得到提升,且底层天体物理内容未受损害。
  • 当使用早期日期的数据进行训练并在后续日期的数据上应用时,模型性能下降,表明为保持60 Hz噪声的最优性能,需每1–2天重新训练一次。
  • 使用第20天数据训练的模型,其ASD比值超过0.6;而使用更早数据训练的模型,ASD比值仍低于0.6,证实耦合特性随时间变化。
  • DeepClean模型计算效率高,可每30分钟或更短时间内完成再训练,支持对非平稳噪声源的频繁更新。
  • 所提出的边缘抑制策略(等待下一帧)在低延迟模式下有效复现了高延迟结果,验证了该方法在在线部署中的可行性。
Figure 2: This schematic shows the training strategy used for analyzing the mock data. The grey shaded segments represent science-quality data, and the yellow indicates that a model training is performed at the beginning of each science segment. The green segments represents one-hour long inference
Figure 2: This schematic shows the training strategy used for analyzing the mock data. The grey shaded segments represent science-quality data, and the yellow indicates that a model training is performed at the beginning of each science segment. The green segments represents one-hour long inference

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