[论文解读] Design of Resource Agents with Guaranteed Tracking Properties for Real-Time Control of Electrical Grids
本文提出了一种用于实时电力系统控制中资源代理的有界累积误差特性,确保实施的功率设定值在平均意义上跟踪请求的设定值。通过使用误差扩散技术,该方法保证了c-有界累积误差,从而改善了系统向最优运行状态的收敛性,减少了可再生能源的弃用,并增强了在具有异构、不确定或离散资源的微电网中的系统鲁棒性。
We target the problem of controlling electrical microgrids with little inertia in real time. We consider a central controller and a number of resources, where each resource is either a load, a generator, or a combination thereof, like a battery. The controller periodically computes power setpoints for the resources based on the estimated state of the grid and an overall objective, and subject to safety constraints. Each resource is augmented with a resource agent that a) implements the setpoint requests sent by the controller on the resource, and b) translates device-specific information about the resource into a device-independent representation and transmits this to the controller. We focus on the resource agents and their impact on the overall system's behavior. Intuitively, for the system to converge to the objective, the resource agents should be obedient to the requests from the controller, in the sense that the actually implemented setpoint should be close to the requested setpoint, at least on average. This can be important especially when a controller that performs continuous optimization is used (for the sake of performance) to control discrete resources (which have a discrete set of implementable setpoints). We formalize obedience by defining the notion of $c$-bounded accumulated-error. We then demonstrate its usefulness, by presenting theoretical results (for a simple scenario) and simulation results (for a more realistic setting) that indicate that, if all resource agents in the system have bounded accumulated-error, the closed-loop system converges on average to the objective. Finally, we show how to design resource agents that provably have bounded accumulated-error for various types of resources, such as resources with uncertainty (e.g., PV panels) and resources with a discrete set of implementable setpoints (e.g., on-off heating systems).
研究动机与目标
- 解决在实时微电网控制中对异构、不确定或离散电气资源进行控制的挑战。
- 通过有界累积误差度量形式化资源代理对控制器请求的服从性。
- 设计可证明实现c-有界累积误差的资源代理,以提升系统整体性能。
- 证明有界误差可确保在虚拟电厂应用中收敛至最优运行状态和能量平衡。
提出的方法
- 将c-有界累积误差特性引入为资源代理对控制器请求服从性的正式度量。
- 设计使用误差扩散技术的资源代理,将连续设定值映射为离散或不确定的可实施设定值。
- 通过凸集和信念集表示方法,将该方法应用于具有离散控制(如通断加热器)和不确定源(如光伏板)的资源。
- 采用分层代理框架(电网代理与资源代理),其中RA将设备特定约束转换为抽象的、与设备无关的表示。
- 在电网代理层面实施鲁棒的连续优化,依赖RA反馈以维持系统可行性与性能。
- 在简化假设下通过理论分析验证该方法,并在具有可变太阳辐照度的现实低压微电网场景中进行仿真验证。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1如何设计资源代理,以确保其实施的设定值在平均意义上跟踪控制器请求的设定值?
- RQ2何种形式化特性可保证在存在离散或不确定资源时,闭环系统仍能收敛至最优目标?
- RQ3在高比例可再生能源渗透的实时电网控制中,有界累积误差如何提升系统性能?
- RQ4能否为资源代理开发一种系统化的设计方法,以在各种资源类型下可证明地实现有界累积误差?
主要发现
- 在资源代理中使用误差扩散技术可限制累积误差,防止传统基于投影的方法中出现的无界增长。
- 在有界累积误差下,时间平均实施的设定值收敛至最优设定值,从而确保能量平衡并提升虚拟电厂性能。
- 系统对电网代理梯度下降步长的敏感性显著降低,增强了鲁棒性。
- 可再生能源利用率显著提高:光伏弃用减少,功率输出可跟踪在可变辐照度下的最大可能值。
- 在具有300 ms方波太阳辐照度轮廓的仿真中,有界误差代理实现了接近最优的功率输送和稳定的开关行为。
- 有界累积误差特性确保了总发电量或消耗量收敛至请求量,这对长期电网稳定性和市场应用至关重要。
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