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[论文解读] Detection of a Schroedinger's Cat State in an rf-SQUID

Jonathan R. Friedman, Vijay Patel|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 18, 2000
Spectroscopy and Laser Applications被引用 8
一句话总结

该论文首次在超导射频-SQUID中实验检测到薛定谔猫态,通过观测经典势垒以下的能级反交叉,证实了两个宏观上不同的磁通态(对应2–3微安的顺时针与逆时针电流)之间的相干叠加。关键结果是在简并点测得约0.1 K的能量分裂,证实了在具有约10^10 μB局部磁矩的系统中,宏观上分离的磁通态之间存在相干量子隧穿。

ABSTRACT

We present experimental evidence for a coherent superposition of macroscopically distinct flux states in an rf-SQUID. When the external flux Phi_x applied to the SQUID is near 1/2 of a flux quantum Phi_0, the SQUID has two nearly degenerate configurations: the zero- and one-fluxoid states, corresponding to a few microamperes of current flowing clockwise or counterclockwise, respectively. The system is modeled as a particle in a double-well potential where each well represents a distinct fluxoid state (0 or 1) and the barrier between the wells can be controlled in situ. For low damping and a sufficiently high barrier, the system has a set of quantized energy levels localized in each well. The relative energies of these levels can be varied with Phi_x. External microwaves are used to pump the system from the well-localized ground state of one well into one of a pair of excited states nearer the top of the barrier. We spectroscopically map out the energy of these levels in the neighborhood of their degeneracy point by varying Phi_x as well as the barrier height. We find a splitting between the two states at this point, when both states are below the classical energy barrier, indicating that the system attains a coherent superposition of flux basis states that are macroscopically distinct in that their mean fluxes differ by more than 1/4 Phi_0 and their currents differ by several microamperes.

研究动机与目标

  • 证明超导量子干涉器件(SQUID)可被制备在两个宏观上不同的磁通态的相干叠加态中,类似于薛定谔猫的思想实验。
  • 通过观测两个分离的磁通态之间的量子隧穿,为固态系统中的宏观量子相干性提供实验证据。
  • 通过量化两态之间磁通和电流的差异,验证叠加态确实是宏观的。
  • 确认观测到的能级反交叉发生在经典能量势垒以下,表明为相干叠加而非经典隧穿过程。

提出的方法

  • 将射频-SQUID建模为双势阱中的粒子,每个势阱对应一个不同的磁通量子态(0或1个磁通量子),通过外部磁通和直流磁通偏置控制势垒高度和势阱倾斜度。
  • 利用微波辐射诱导从一个势阱的基态到另一侧势阱激发态的光子辅助隧穿,实现对能级的光谱探测。
  • 系统冷却至40 mK,并通过电磁屏蔽最小化退相干,同时通过独立的直流-SQUID磁强计监测磁通态。
  • 通过调节外部磁通($\Phi_x$)和通过直流磁通偏置($\Phi_{xdc}$)调节势垒高度($\Delta U_0$),测绘能级,通过微波诱导的隧穿观测跃迁。
  • 理论能级计算使用独立测量的参数:电感 $L = 238$ pH,$L/C = 2300$ $\Omega^2$,$\beta_L = 2.35$,与实验数据高度一致。
  • 能谱中的反交叉行为被识别为相干叠加的特征,能级分裂和回避交叉表明磁通态之间的量子纠缠。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否在超导射频-SQUID中制备出两个宏观上不同的磁通态的相干叠加态,每个态对应持久电流的不同方向?
  • RQ2在简并点观测到的能级分裂是否源于相干量子隧穿,而非经典隧穿或热效应?
  • RQ3叠加态是否真正具有宏观性,表现为磁通和电流的可测量差异?
  • RQ4反交叉涉及的能级是否仍位于经典能量势垒以下,从而确认系统处于叠加态而非局域态?
  • RQ5能否使用SQUID的独立测量参数定量再现实验数据,从而验证模型的有效性?

主要发现

  • 在反交叉点观测到约0.1 K的能量分裂,证实了两个磁通态之间存在相干叠加。
  • 参与反交叉的两个能级均位于经典能量势垒以下,上能级约低于势垒顶部0.15 K,表明存在量子相干性。
  • 微波诱导隧穿信号的峰不对称性随势垒高度变化,证实随着势垒降低,系统从局域态转变为相干叠加态。
  • 测量的能级分裂和峰位置与使用独立测定参数($L = 238$ pH,$L/C = 2300$ $\Omega^2$,$\beta_L = 2.35$)的理论计算高度一致,验证了模型。
  • 两个叠加态之间的磁通差超过$\frac{1}{4}\Phi_0$,电流差为2–3微安,对应约$10^{10} \mu_B$的局部磁矩,证实其宏观差异性。
  • 该系统表现出宏观量子行为,既因为其动力学由涉及约$10^9$个库珀对的集体磁通坐标所支配,也因为叠加态在可观测物理量上具有宏观差异。

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