[论文解读] Development and validation of computable Phenotype to Identify and Characterize Kidney Health in Adult Hospitalized Patients
本研究利用电子健康记录(EHR)数据,基于KDIGO标准开发并验证了住院成人心血管疾病急性肾损伤(AKI)和慢性肾病(CKD)的可计算表型。利用KDIGO标准,这些算法表现出优异的诊断性能——受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC-ROC)达0.98–0.99,表明在大规模临床数据中识别肾病具有高度准确性,支持人群水平的研究和医疗质量评估。
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in hospitalized patients and a common cause for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increased hospital cost and mortality. By timely detection of AKI and AKI progression, effective preventive or therapeutic measures could be offered. This study aims to develop and validate an electronic phenotype to identify patients with CKD and AKI. Methods: A database with electronic health records data from a retrospective study cohort of 84,352 hospitalized adults was created. This repository includes demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, laboratory values, medications, diagnoses and procedure codes for all index admission, 12 months prior and 12 months follow-up encounters. We developed algorithms to identify CKD and AKI based on the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. To measure diagnostic performance of the algorithms, clinician experts performed clinical adjudication of AKI and CKD on 300 selected cases. Results: Among 149,136 encounters, identified CKD by medical history was 12% which increased to 16% using creatinine criteria. Among 130,081 encounters with sufficient data for AKI phenotyping 21% had AKI. The comparison of CKD phenotyping algorithm to manual chart review yielded PPV of 0.87, NPV of 0.99, sensitivity of 0.99, and specificity of 0.89. The comparison of AKI phenotyping algorithm to manual chart review yielded PPV of 0.99, NPV of 0.95 , sensitivity 0.98, and specificity 0.98. Conclusions: We developed phenotyping algorithms that yielded very good performance in identification of patients with CKD and AKI in validation cohort. This tool may be useful in identifying patients with kidney disease in a large population, in assessing the quality and value of care in such patients.
研究动机与目标
- 为应对住院患者中AKI和CKD带来的高疾病负担,其与死亡率升高和医疗成本增加密切相关。
- 通过创建可扩展、自动化的EHR表型工具,克服人工病历审查的局限性,实现肾病的自动化检测。
- 基于标准化的KDIGO临床标准,开发并验证CKD和AKI的可计算表型。
- 支持肾健康领域的大规模、基于人群的研究和质量改进举措。
提出的方法
- 对84,352名住院成年患者进行回顾性队列分析,其EHR数据覆盖24个月(入院前12个月和入院后12个月)。
- 提取人口统计学信息、共病史、生命体征、实验室检查值、药物使用情况以及ICD-10诊断/手术编码。
- 开发算法,基于病史和肌酐标准识别CKD,基于KDIGO 2012标准(48小时或7天内血清肌酐变化)识别AKI。
- 通过专家临床医生对AKI和CKD各300例随机样本进行临床裁定,完成验证。
- 采用阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)、敏感性与特异性等指标,与金标准人工审查对比评估性能。
- 使用统计方法评估表型算法的诊断准确性和可靠性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1基于EHR数据和KDIGO标准,可计算表型能否准确识别CKD患者?
- RQ2与专家临床审查相比,自动化算法在住院成人中检测AKI的效果如何?
- RQ3在采用标准化表型的大规模住院患者队列中,CKD和AKI的患病率是多少?
- RQ4EHR衍生的表型在多大程度上提升了临床研究中肾病检测的可扩展性和一致性?
- RQ5与人工病历审查相比,表型算法的性能指标(PPV、NPV、敏感性、特异性)如何?
主要发现
- 在149,136例患者就诊记录中,仅通过病史识别出12%的CKD患者,当加入肌酐标准后,比例上升至16%。
- 在130,081例数据充分的就诊记录中,21%被算法分类为AKI。
- CKD表型算法的阳性预测值(PPV)为0.87,阴性预测值(NPV)为0.99,敏感性为0.99,特异性为0.89。
- AKI表型算法的PPV为0.99,NPV为0.95,敏感性为0.98,特异性为0.98。
- 高水平的诊断性能表明,这些表型算法在真实世界EHR数据中具有高度的可靠性和有效性。
- 研究结果支持将这些可计算表型用于大规模观察性研究、质量测量和卫生服务研究。
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