[论文解读] Diffusion-Based Coarse Graining in Hybrid Continuum-Discrete Solvers: Theoretical Formulation and A Priori Tests
该论文提出了一种基于扩散的粗粒化方法,用于混合连续-离散求解器(如CFD–DEM),通过求解带有无通量边界条件的瞬态扩散方程,计算平滑且与网格无关的固相体积分数场。该方法在理论上等价于基于高斯核的粗粒化,确保质量守恒,并在非结构化和拉伸网格上展现出优于现有方法的网格收敛性和实现简便性。
Coarse graining is an important ingredient in many multi-scale continuum-discrete solvers such as CFD--DEM (computational fluid dynamics--discrete element method) solvers for dense particle-laden flows. Although CFD--DEM solvers have become a mature technique that is widely used in multiphase flow research and industrial flow simulations, a flexible and easy-to-implement coarse graining algorithm that can work with CFD solvers of arbitrary meshes is still lacking. In this work, we proposed a new coarse graining algorithm for continuum--discrete solvers for dense particle-laden flows based on solving a transient diffusion equation. Via theoretical analysis we demonstrated that the proposed method is equivalent to the statistical kernel method with a Gaussian kernel, but the current method is much more straightforward to implement in CFD--DEM solvers. extit{A priori} numerical tests were performed to obtain the solid volume fraction fields based on given particle distributions, the results obtained by using the proposed algorithm were compared with those from other coarse graining methods in the literature (e.g., the particle centroid method, the divided particle volume method, and the two-grid formulation). The numerical tests demonstrated that the proposed coarse graining procedure based on solving diffusion equations is theoretically sound, easy to implement and parallelize in general CFD solvers, and has improved mesh-convergence characteristics compared with existing coarse graining methods. The diffusion-based coarse graining method has been implemented into a CFD--DEM solver, the results of which are presented in a separate work (R. Sun and H. Xiao, Diffusion-based coarse graining in hybrid continuum-discrete solvers: Application in CFD-DEM solvers for particle laden flows).
研究动机与目标
- 解决多尺度连续-离散求解器中缺乏适用于任意CFD网格的灵活、通用粗粒化算法的问题。
- 克服现有方法(如粒子质心法和分割粒子体积法)在网格依赖性和实现复杂性方面的局限性。
- 开发一种理论严谨、守恒且易于实现的粗粒化过程,适用于工业CFD–DEM模拟中复杂、非结构化和拉伸的网格。
- 在统一框架下实现对边界附近和内部区域粒子的一致处理。
- 利用现有CFD求解器的并行化基础设施实现高效并行化,同时保持物理一致性和数值稳定性。
提出的方法
- 将粗粒化表述为受扩散方程和无通量边界条件控制的瞬态扩散问题。
- 将粒子体积集中到其所在单元的中心(如粒子质心法),并用作求解扩散方程的初始条件。
- 使用与网格尺寸和粒子体积成比例的扩散常数,以控制平滑度和数值扩散。
- 在任意非结构化和拉伸网格上应用该方法,包括单元体积小于单个粒子体积的情况。
- 通过构造确保粒子质量守恒,因为在扩散过程中总容积保持不变。
- 通过利用现有CFD求解器的并行化机制和线性求解器,实现与现有CFD求解器的无缝集成。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1基于扩散的方法是否能在实现与统计核方法(如高斯核)相当结果的同时,简化在通用CFD求解器中的实现?
- RQ2该方法在非结构化和拉伸网格上的网格收敛性和数值扩散性能如何?
- RQ3该方法是否能在复杂几何中保持粒子体积的守恒性,同时生成平滑且物理解释合理的粗粒化场?
- RQ4该方法如何处理靠近边界和网格尺寸变化较大的区域中的粒子?
- RQ5该方法在不修改核心求解器的前提下,能在多大程度上实现并行化并集成到现有CFD–DEM求解器中?
主要发现
- 基于扩散的粗粒化方法在理论上与基于高斯核的粗粒化等价,对内部和边界粒子均成立,其有效性可达网格离散化精度。
- 数值测试表明,该方法在逐步加密的网格上产生与网格无关的结果,其网格收敛性优于粒子质心法和分割粒子体积法。
- 对于 $ b/ au x = 4, 2, 1, 0.5 $,相对误差分别为 0.6%、2.6%、8.1% 和 23.1%,表明数值扩散受控,可通过调节扩散常数进行预测和缓解。
- 该方法在整个粗粒化过程中保持粒子质量守恒,确保物理一致性。
- 通过减小扩散常数,该方法可在大单元区域自然退化为粒子质心法,从而在需要时保持精度。
- 该方法易于并行化,且由于依赖标准线性求解器和基于网格的数据结构,可无缝集成到现有CFD求解器中。
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