[论文解读] Discovery of weak magnetic fields in four DZ white dwarfs in the local 20pc volume. Implications for the frequency of magnetic fields with cooling age
本研究利用高灵敏度谱偏振测量,在本地20 pc范围内四颗DZ型白矮星中发现了微弱磁场,揭示了该区域内至少40%的富含氦的DZ型白矮星具有磁场。研究结果表明,较老、较冷的白矮星中磁场频率更高,挑战了以往受星等和分辨率限制的巡天所导致的偏见,并凸显了金属谱线在探测原本无特征谱线的白矮星磁场中的作用。
We report the discovery of weak magnetic fields in three white dwarfs within the local 20pc volume (WD 0816-310, WD 1009-184, and WD 1532+129), and we confirm the magnetic nature of a fourth star (WD 2138-332) in which we had previously detected a field at a 3 sigma level. The spectra of all these white dwarfs are characterised by the presence of metal lines and lack of H and He lines, that is, they belong to the spectral class DZ. The polarisation signal of the Ca II H+K lines of WD 1009-184 is particularly spectacular, with an amplitude of 20% that is due to the presence of a magnetic field with an average line-of-sight component of 40kG. We have thus established that at least 40% of the known DZ white dwarfs with an He-rich atmosphere contained in the 20pc volume have a magnetic field, while further observations are needed to establish whether the remaining DZ white dwarfs in the same volume are magnetic or not. Metal lines in the spectra of DZ white dwarfs are thought to have originated by accretion from rocky debris, and it might be argued that a link exists between metal accretion and higher occurrence of magnetism. However, we are not able to distinguish whether the magnetic field and the presence of a polluted atmosphere have a common origin, or if it is the presence of metal lines that allows us to detect a higher frequency of magnetic fields in cool white dwarfs, which would otherwise have featureless spectra. We argue that the new highly sensitive longitudinal field measurements that we have made in recent years are consistent with the idea that the magnetic field appears more frequently in older than in younger white dwarfs.
研究动机与目标
- 确定本地20 pc范围内DZ型白矮星真实磁场频率,该区域受观测偏差影响最小。
- 克服低分辨率和低灵敏度光谱测量的局限性,这些方法在探测较冷白矮星中的微弱磁场时容易遗漏。
- 检验磁场频率是否随冷却年龄增加而上升的假设,尤其针对富含氦、金属污染大气的DZ型恒星。
- 评估金属谱线的存在是否增强磁场可探测性,或是否表明吸积与磁场之间存在物理关联。
- 通过体积限定的、谱偏振测量方法,建立一个统计上无偏的磁性白矮星样本。
提出的方法
- 对20 pc范围内的DZ型白矮星进行高灵敏度圆偏振谱测量,以探测横向和纵向磁场。
- 分析光谱中的Ca ii H+K线,重点关注指示磁场存在的偏振信号。
- 利用甚大望远镜上的FORS2获取高信噪比、低分辨率的谱偏振数据。
- 应用对磁场强度低至数十千高斯敏感的谱偏振技术,使在标准光谱测量中无法探测到的磁场得以发现。
- 将结果与以往巡天对比,评估因星等、光谱类型和分辨率导致的磁场探测偏差。
- 通过偏振振幅和视线方向分量计算评估纵向磁场强度。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在本地20 pc范围内,DZ型白矮星中磁场的真实频率是多少,且不受星等和光谱分辨率偏差的影响?
- RQ2DZ型白矮星中的磁场是否随着冷却年龄增加而变得更频繁,如先前的间接证据所提示的那样?
- RQ3金属谱线的存在是否增强了DZ型恒星中磁场的探测能力,还是表明金属吸积与磁场生成之间存在物理联系?
- RQ4谱偏振测量能否探测到冷却、无特征的白矮星谱线中微弱的磁场,而这些磁场的塞曼分裂在标准方法中不可见?
- RQ5DZ型白矮星中的磁场频率与其它光谱类型(如DA型或DZ型)相比如何?
主要发现
- 通过谱偏振测量,确认了四颗DZ型白矮星——WD 0816−310、WD 1009−184、WD 1532+129和WD 2138−332——具有磁场。
- WD 1009−184在Ca ii H+K线中表现出20%的偏振振幅,表明其纵向磁场为40 kG,证明了该方法的高灵敏度。
- 在20 pc范围内,富含氦的大气层的DZ型白矮星中,至少40%具有磁场,表明其频率高于其他光谱类型。
- 在这些较冷、金属污染的恒星中探测到微弱磁场,表明谱偏振测量对于发现标准光谱测量所遗漏的磁场至关重要。
- 观测到的趋势支持了磁场频率随冷却年龄增加的假设,因为年轻白矮星数量更多但磁场更不常见。
- 结果表明,DZ型恒星中的磁场可能比以往认为的更普遍,其中显著比例仅能通过偏振技术探测到。
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