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[论文解读] Dissipative Quantum Gibbs Sampling

Daniel Zhang, Jan Lukas Bosse|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 10, 2023
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture被引用 8
一句话总结

我们引入耗散Gibbs采样器(DGS),一种局部更新的量子算法,通过停止时间机制对量子Gibbs态进行采样,具备容错性并提供配分函数估计方法。

ABSTRACT

Systems in thermal equilibrium at non-zero temperature are described by their Gibbs state. For classical many-body systems, the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm gives a Markov process with a local update rule that samples from the Gibbs distribution. For quantum systems, sampling from the Gibbs state is significantly more challenging. Many algorithms have been proposed, but these are more complex than the simple local update rule of classical Metropolis sampling, requiring non-trivial quantum algorithms such as phase estimation as a subroutine. Here, we show that a dissipative quantum algorithm with a simple, local update rule is able to sample from the quantum Gibbs state. In contrast to the classical case, the quantum Gibbs state is not generated by converging to the fixed point of a Markov process, but by the states generated at the stopping time of a conditionally stopped process. This gives a new answer to the long-sought-after quantum analogue of Metropolis sampling. Compared to previous quantum Gibbs sampling algorithms, the local update rule of the process has a simple implementation, which may make it more amenable to near-term implementation on suitable quantum hardware. This dissipative Gibbs sampler works for arbitrary quantum Hamiltonians, without any assumptions on or knowledge of its properties, and comes with certifiable precision and run-time bounds. We also show that the algorithm benefits from some measure of built-in resilience to faults and errors (``fault resilience''). Finally, we also demonstrate how the stopping statistics of an ensemble of runs of the dissipative Gibbs sampler can be used to estimate the partition function.

研究动机与目标

  • 激励从量子Gibbs态进行采样并解决非局部量子算法带来的挑战。
  • 提出一种局部实现的耗散过程,其停止态近似Gibbs态。
  • 提供精度与运行时保证,以及通过停止统计实现容错性与配分函数估计。

提出的方法

  • 定义局部哈密顿量 H = sum h_i,以及一个两输出的量子仪器 E0、E1,由 Kraus 算子 K 定义,满足 K^2 ≤ I 且 K ≈ f(H)。
  • 迭代地对初态 ρ0 应用该仪器,在经过 n 个零后以概率 r_n 停止,形成一个停止过程。
  • 选择 K 和停止概率 r_n 使得停止态 E[ρ_τ] 近似 ρ_G(H),误差为 O(βεκm^2)。
  • 展示如何通过对哈密顿项的弱、局部测量实现 K,以近似理想化的、全局测量的 K。
  • 给出期望停止时间 E[τ] 的表达式以及显式界 E[τ] ≤ (6/ε) exp(2βκm/(1−ε)^{2m−1}).
  • 证明容错性以及停止统计能够给出配分函数 Z(H) 的估计。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1一个耗散的、局部实现的量子过程是否能够在不需要全局(非局部)操作的情况下对量子Gibbs态进行采样?
  • RQ2当使用弱、局部测量实现时,这种耗散Gibbs采样器的精度与运行时间保证是什么?
  • RQ3就容错性与资源规模而言,停止时间方法与固定点马尔可夫链方法在Gibbs采样方面有何比较?
  • RQ4来自多次运行的停止统计是否能够对配分函数 Z(H) 进行可靠估计?

主要发现

  • 耗散Gibbs采样器的期望状态 E[ρ_τ] 近似 Gibbs 态 ρ_G(H),误差为 O(βεκm^2)。
  • 算法的运行时间界小于等于 (6/ε) e^{2βκm/(1−ε)^{2m−1}},且不依赖混合时间。
  • 局部、弱测量实现的 K 支持大多数局部量子电路,在一定误差率下具备容错性。
  • 来自一次运行总体的停止统计可用于在乘法性误差 O(βερκm^2) 下估计配分函数 Z(H)。
  • 在无限温度极限 β=0 时,期望停止时间简化为 1,与显然的平凡情况一致。
  • 该框架可通过对 r_n 的恰当选择,将密度矩阵 f(K) 的制备扩展到 Gibbs 状态之外的更广泛态的制备。

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