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[论文解读] Domain wall interpretation of the PTA signal confronting black hole overproduction

Yann Gouttenoire, Edoardo Vitagliano|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 30, 2023
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories被引用 6
一句话总结

该论文提出,脉冲星时标阵列(PTA)探测到的随机引力波背景(SGWB)源自早期宇宙中域壁(DW)网络的湮灭,该过程同时通过超视界域壁坍缩产生原初黑洞(PBH)。利用PBH过量作为先验的PTA数据贝叶斯分析表明,相关长度L≳0.6t的域壁可产生地球基引力波干涉仪可观测的千赫兹SGWB,形成质量约为10 M☉的PBH。

ABSTRACT

Recently, Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations have detected a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) at nano-Hz frequencies, with Domain Wall networks (DWs) proposed as potential sources. To be cosmologically viable, they must annihilate before dominating the universe energy budget, thus generating a SGWB. While sub-horizon DWs shrink and decay rapidly, causality requires DWs with super-horizon size to continue growing until they reach the Hubble horizon. Those entering the latest can be heavier than a Hubble patch and collapse into Primordial Black Holes (PBHs). We conduct a Bayesian analysis of the PTA signal, interpreting it as an outcome of SGWB from DW networks, with a prior ensuring no PBH overproduction. Our findings indicate that DWs result in the production of solar-mass PBHs. The binary mergers occurring within these PBHs generate a second SGWB in the kilo-Hz domain which could be observable in on-going or planned Earth-based interferometers.

研究动机与目标

  • 探究域壁网络是否能同时解释PTA探测到的随机引力波背景(SGWB)并避免原初黑洞(PBH)过量产生。
  • 利用域壁湮灭过程中的渗滤理论估算超视界域壁坍缩形成PBH的丰度。
  • 对PTA数据集(NG15和IPTA2)进行贝叶斯分析,同时考虑域壁与超大质量双星黑洞(SMBH)的贡献,并以PBH过量为物理先验。
  • 确定此类域壁网络的可观测特征,特别是可由地面干涉仪探测到的千赫兹频段第二重SGWB。

提出的方法

  • 利用标度行为ρ_DW = σ / L建模域壁网络的能量密度与相关长度,其中L ≈ t / A,A ≈ 0.8来自数值模拟。
  • 应用渗滤理论估算域壁湮灭期间坍缩为PBH的超视界域壁比例。
  • 使用贝叶斯推断比较域壁对PTA信号的解释与SMBH双星模型,结合来自GWOnly-Ext库的天体物理先验。
  • 将PBH过量、原初核合成(BBN)以及暗辐射(ΔN_eff < 0.4)的约束作为先验条件纳入分析。
  • 根据域壁网络相关长度L/t计算由此产生的千赫兹频段PBH双星并合产生的SGWB。
  • 评估当前及未来地球基干涉仪(如LIGO、LISA)对次级SGWB的可探测性。
Figure 1: LEFT: SGWB from DW network annihilation ( solid ) preferred by PTA datasets, assuming annihilation into SM radiation and neglecting the PBH prior constraints. In ( dotted ), we show the preferred SGWB from SMBH binaries, assuming the astrophysical prior drawn from the ${\tt GWOnly-Ext}$ li
Figure 1: LEFT: SGWB from DW network annihilation ( solid ) preferred by PTA datasets, assuming annihilation into SM radiation and neglecting the PBH prior constraints. In ( dotted ), we show the preferred SGWB from SMBH binaries, assuming the astrophysical prior drawn from the ${\tt GWOnly-Ext}$ li

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1域壁网络能否在与原初黑洞过量产生约束一致的前提下,解释PTA探测到的纳赫兹随机引力波背景?
  • RQ2有多少比例的超视界域壁会坍缩为原初黑洞?这一比例如何依赖于网络的相关长度?
  • RQ3由域壁湮灭引发的PBH双星并合产生的次级引力波背景的预测振幅与频率谱为何?
  • RQ4将PBH过量作为先验条件后,对PTA信号的域壁解释的贝叶斯证据如何变化?
  • RQ5在何种域壁相关长度(L/t)条件下,所产生的千赫兹SGWB可被当前或未来的地球基干涉仪探测到?

主要发现

  • 贝叶斯分析表明,当结合超大质量双星黑洞时,域壁网络可为PTA信号提供合理解释,SM再热情形下log₁₀(X)的后验均值约为0.30 ± 0.01,PBH过量约束下为0.22 ± 0.00。
  • 为使地球基干涉仪可观测到千赫兹SGWB,域壁的相关长度需满足L/t ≳ 0.6,且信号强度随L/t增大而减弱。
  • 由超视界域壁坍缩形成的PBH质量约为10 M☉,与千赫兹引力波探测器的探测质量范围一致。
  • 分析发现,PBH过量约束显著压缩了域壁模型的允许参数空间,尤其在L/t < 0.8时更为明显。
  • 当L/t ≳ 0.8时,域壁网络预测的PBH丰度(公式13)仍处于CMB与千赫兹干涉仪观测约束范围内,表明模型具有可行性。
  • 在SM再热与PBH过量先验下,L/t ∈ [0.8,1.5]范围内,贝叶斯因子log₁₀(B) ≈ 0.08 ± 0.01,表明对域壁解释存在微弱但不可忽略的支持。
Figure 2: The solid lines shows the PBH abundance from DW networks, given in Eq. ( 13 ), as a function of the correlation length $L$ of the DW network in unit of the cosmic horizon $t$ . We set the DW network parameters to the mean and 68 $\%$ deviation of the NG15 posteriors, represented by the thr
Figure 2: The solid lines shows the PBH abundance from DW networks, given in Eq. ( 13 ), as a function of the correlation length $L$ of the DW network in unit of the cosmic horizon $t$ . We set the DW network parameters to the mean and 68 $\%$ deviation of the NG15 posteriors, represented by the thr

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