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[论文解读] Dust depletion of of metals from local to distant galaxies II: Cosmic dust-to-metal ratio and dust composition

Christina Konstantopoulou, A. De|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 11, 2023
Astrophysics and Star Formation StudiesPhysics and Astronomy参考文献 1被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究提出一种新方法,用于从银河系到高红移氘化莱曼-alpha吸收体(DLAs)的各类星系中估算宇宙尘埃-金属比(DTM)和尘埃-气体比(DTG),以及尘埃成分。结果表明,DTM 和 DTG 随金属丰度和 [Zn/Fe] 增加,表明颗粒生长是主导的尘埃生成机制,主要尘埃贡献元素包括 O、Fe、Si、Mg、C、S、Ni 和 Al,且恒星尘埃产量仅约为金属产量的 1%。

ABSTRACT

The evolution of the cosmic dust content and the cycle between metals and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) play a fundamental role in galaxy evolution. The chemical enrichment of the Universe can be traced through the evolution of the dust-to-metals ratio (DTM) and the dust-to-gas ratio (DTG) with metallicity. We use a novel method to determine mass estimates of the DTM, DTG and dust composition based on our previous measurements of the depletion of metals in different environments (the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds, and damped Lyman-$α$ absorbers, DLAs, toward quasars and towards gamma-ray bursts, GRBs), which were calculated from the relative abundances of metals in the ISM through absorption-line spectroscopy column densities observed mainly from VLT/UVES and X-shooter, and HST/STIS. We derive the dust extinction from the estimated dust depletion ($A_{V, m depl}$) and compare with the $A_{V}$ from extinction. We find that the DTM and DTG ratios increase with metallicity and with the dust tracer [Zn/Fe]. This suggests that grain growth in the ISM is a dominant process of dust production. The increasing trend of the DTM and DTG with metallicity is in good agreement with a dust production and evolution model. Our data suggest that the stellar dust yield is much lower than the metal yield and thus that the overall amount of dust in the warm neutral medium that is produced by stars is much lower. We find that $A_{V, m depl}$ is overall lower than $A_{V, m ext}$ for the Milky Way and a few Magellanic Clouds lines of sight, a discrepancy that is likely related to the presence of carbonaceous dust. We show that the main elements that contribute to the dust composition are, O, Fe, Si, Mg, C, S, Ni and Al for all the environments. Abundances at low dust regimes suggest the presence of pyroxene and metallic iron in dust.

研究动机与目标

  • 确定从银河系到高红移 DLA 的各类星系环境中宇宙尘埃-金属比(DTM)和尘埃-气体比(DTG)的分布。
  • 通过分析 DTM 和 DTG 与金属丰度及 [Zn/Fe] 的依赖关系,研究颗粒生长在尘埃生成中的作用。
  • 估算不同环境中各元素(f_M_X)对尘埃质量分数的贡献,以表征尘埃成分。
  • 将基于尘埃耗竭计算的消光(A_V,depl)与光度测量得到的消光(A_V,ext)进行比较,识别与尘埃形态相关的差异。
  • 评估恒星尘埃产量相对于总金属产量的贡献,挑战以往的估算。

提出的方法

  • 利用 VLT/UVES、X-shooter 和 HST/STIS 的吸收线光谱测量星际介质中金属的柱密度,从而计算元素耗竭。
  • 采用一种新颖的质量基础方法,基于观测到的耗竭量推导 DTM 和 DTG 比值,假设尘埃由耗竭元素形成。
  • 通过耗竭与消光之间的关系估算 A_V,depl,再与光度数据得到的 A_V,ext 进行比较。
  • 通过将各元素 X 形成的尘埃质量归一化至总尘埃质量,计算各元素的尘埃质量分数(f_M_X)。
  • 利用银河系、大麦哲伦云和伽马暴及类星体 DLA 的数据,分析 DTM 和 DTG 随总金属丰度 ([M/H]_tot) 和 [Zn/Fe] 的变化趋势。
  • 检验结果与包含星际介质中颗粒生长的尘埃演化流体动力学模型的一致性。
Figure 1 : (Top): Dust-to-metal ratio as a function of the dust tracer [Zn/Fe]. (Bottom): Dust-to-gas ratio as a function of [Zn/Fe]. The black triangles are for QSO-DLAs, the purple squares are for the LMC, the blue triangles are for the SMC, the orange diamonds for the GRB-DLAs and the green circl
Figure 1 : (Top): Dust-to-metal ratio as a function of the dust tracer [Zn/Fe]. (Bottom): Dust-to-gas ratio as a function of [Zn/Fe]. The black triangles are for QSO-DLAs, the purple squares are for the LMC, the blue triangles are for the SMC, the orange diamonds for the GRB-DLAs and the green circl

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1尘埃-金属比(DTM)在从银河系到高红移 DLA 的星系中如何随金属丰度演化?
  • RQ2颗粒生长在星际介质中对尘埃生成的贡献程度如何,其在 DTM 和 DTG 与金属丰度及 [Zn/Fe] 依赖关系中的体现是什么?
  • RQ3在不同星系环境中,星际尘埃的成分如何,各元素(如 O、Fe、Si、C)对质量贡献的占比是多少?
  • RQ4为何在某些环境(如银河系和部分大麦哲伦云视线方向)中,A_V,depl 系统性地低于 A_V,ext?
  • RQ5推断的恒星尘埃产量与总金属产量相比如何,这对尘埃生成机制有何启示?

主要发现

  • 尘埃-金属比(DTM)和尘埃-气体比(DTG)随金属丰度和 [Zn/Fe] 增加,支持在所研究的金属丰度范围(-2 ≤ [M/H]_tot ≤ 0.5)和红移范围(0.6 < z < 6.3)内,颗粒生长是主导的尘埃生成机制。
  • 恒星尘埃产量估计仅占总金属产量的约 1%,表明恒星对尘埃的贡献远低于以往假设。
  • 在银河系和部分大麦哲伦云视线方向,A_V,depl 系统性地低于 A_V,ext,可能是因为致密、寒冷的中性气体团块中的碳质尘埃未被耗竭法完全捕捉。
  • 在大多数环境中,A_V,depl 与 A_V,ext 表现良好一致性,验证了该方法在不同星际介质条件下的稳健性。
  • 质量贡献最大的主要尘埃成分(f_M_X ≥ 1%)为 O、Fe、Si、Mg、C、S、Ni 和 Al,其中 Si、Mg 和 C 对总尘埃质量的贡献大致相等。
  • 在低尘埃环境(如类星体和伽马暴 DLA)中,尘埃成分暗示存在辉石和金属铁,表明低金属度下尘埃矿物学不同。
Figure 2 : (Top): Dust-to-metal ratio as a function of the total dust-corrected gas metallicity [ M / $\rm{H}$ ] tot . (Bottom): Dust-to-gas ratio as a function of the total dust-corrected gas metallicity [ M / $\rm{H}$ ] tot . The symbols are the same as in Fig. 1 . For the Milky Way metallicities
Figure 2 : (Top): Dust-to-metal ratio as a function of the total dust-corrected gas metallicity [ M / $\rm{H}$ ] tot . (Bottom): Dust-to-gas ratio as a function of the total dust-corrected gas metallicity [ M / $\rm{H}$ ] tot . The symbols are the same as in Fig. 1 . For the Milky Way metallicities

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