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[论文解读] Early-time spectra of supernovae and their precursor winds: the luminous blue variable/yellow hypergiant progenitor of SN 2013cu

J. H. Groh|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 22, 2014
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae参考文献 43被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究首次使用CMFGEN辐射转移代码对早期超新星SN 2013cu进行定量光谱建模,揭示其前身星为一颗明亮的蓝变星或黄超巨星,具有致密的H富风($X = 0.46 \pm 0.2$,$Y = 0.52 \pm 0.2$)和质量损失率$ ot{M} \simeq 3 \times 10^{-3}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$,$v_{\mathrm{wind}} \simeq 100\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$。前身星的光谱型与爆发后XWN5(h)分类存在显著差异,这是由于电离状态变化所致,凸显了使用'X'前缀以区分爆发后光谱与恒星类型的重要性。

ABSTRACT

We present the first quantitative spectroscopic modeling of an early-time supernova that interacts with its progenitor wind. Using the radiative transfer code CMFGEN, we investigate the recently-reported 15.5 h post-explosion spectrum of the type IIb SN 2013cu. For the first time, we are able to directly measure the chemical abundances of a SN progenitor and find a relatively H-rich wind, with H and He abundances (by mass) of X=0.46 +- 0.2 and Y=0.52 +- 0.2, respectively. The wind is enhanced in N and depleted in C relative to solar values (mass fractions of 8.2e-3 and 1e-5). We obtain that a dense wind/circumstellar medium, with a mass-loss rate of Mdot= 3e-3 Msun/yr and wind velocity vwind=100 km/s, surrounds the star at the pre-SN stage. These values are lower than previous analytical estimates, although we find Mdot/vinf consistent with previous work. We also compute a CMFGEN model to constrain the progenitor spectral type and find that the high Mdot and low vwind imply that the star had an effective temperature of ~8000 K immediately before the SN explosion. Our models suggest that the progenitor was either an unstable luminous blue variable or a yellow hypergiant undergoing an eruptive phase, and rule out a WR star. We classify the post-explosion spectra at 15.5 h as XWN5(h) and advocate for the use of the prefix `X' (eXplosion) to avoid confusion between post-explosion, non-stellar spectra with those of massive stars. We show that the progenitor spectral type is significantly different than the early post-explosion spectral type owing to the huge differences in the ionization structure before and after the SN event. We find the following temporal evolution: LBV/YHG -> XWN5(h) -> SN IIb. Future early-time spectroscopy in the UV will give access to additional spectroscopic diagnostics and further constrain the properties of SN precursors, such as their metallicities.

研究动机与目标

  • 使用早期光谱定量约束SN 2013cu前身星的性质。
  • 通过观测到的谱线特征确定前身星风的化学成分、质量损失率和风速。
  • 解决前身星爆发前光谱型与爆发后XWN5(h)分类之间的差异。
  • 倡导引入新的光谱分类前缀'X',以区分爆发后非恒星光谱与大质量恒星类型。
  • 展示早期紫外光谱在探测前身星金属丰度和风结构方面的潜力。

提出的方法

  • 应用非局部热动平衡、球对称、线致吸收的辐射转移代码CMFGEN,对SN 2013cu爆发后15.5小时的光谱进行建模。
  • 设定模型参数:内边界半径$R_{\mathrm{in}}$,总辐射光度$L_{\mathrm{SN}}$,恒定的$ ot{M}$和$v_{\mathrm{wind}}$,以及H、He、C、N、O的丰度,P、S、Fe采用太阳值。
  • 假设密度梯度较陡($\propto r^{-2}$),并在内边界采用扩散近似,设定$\tau_{\mathrm{ross}} = 50$以模拟激波突破条件。
  • 从激波层平滑过渡到未激波的前身星风,风中无能量生成且无时间依赖效应。
  • 通过拟合观测谱线特征,结合电离结构分析,推断风参数和前身星光谱型。
  • 预测紫外光谱,以识别C iv、He ii、N iv和Fe vi/vii等诊断谱线,为未来观测提供约束。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1SN 2013cu前身星风的化学丰度是什么?它们如何约束其演化状态?
  • RQ2前身星风的质量损失率和风速是多少?与先前估计相比如何?
  • RQ3为何SN 2013cu爆发后早期光谱看似为WN星,尽管其前身星类型不同?
  • RQ4从爆发前前身星到爆发后超新星阶段,电离结构如何变化,导致光谱形态不同?
  • RQ5紫外光谱在早期超新星光谱观测中对约束前身星性质有何优势?

主要发现

  • 前身星风为H富风,氢的质量分数$X = 0.46 \pm 0.2$,氦为$Y = 0.52 \pm 0.2$,表明其为大质量演化星。
  • 风中氮元素增强($8.2 \times 10^{-3}$),碳元素贫化($1.0 \times 10^{-5}$),相对于太阳值,与明亮蓝变星或黄超巨星一致。
  • 前身星的质量损失率为$ ot{M} \simeq 3 \times 10^{-3}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$,风速$v_{\mathrm{wind}} \simeq 100\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$,低于先前分析估计,但$ ot{M}/v_{\infty}$值一致。
  • 前身星的有效温度被约束为$\simeq 8000\,\mathrm{K}$,支持其为LBV或YHG分类,而非沃尔夫-拉叶星。
  • 爆发后15.5小时的光谱被分类为XWN5(h),作者主张使用'X'前缀以区别于爆发前恒星光谱。
  • 预测紫外光谱将显示强共振线(如C iv、He ii、N iv)以及在$\lambda \lambda$ 1200–1450波段的Fe vi/vii线系,为风和金属丰度提供增强诊断。

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