[论文解读] Effects of capillary number and flow rates on the hydrodynamics of droplet generation in T-junction microfluidic systems
本研究通过有限元模拟对T型微流控器件中的液滴生成进行了数值研究,分析了毛细管数(10⁻⁴ ≤ Cac ≤ 1)和流量比(0.1 ≤ Qr ≤ 10)对液滴流体动力学的影响。研究识别出六种流态,发现当 2 ≤ Qr ≤ 10 时,挤压流态在所有 Cac 值下均持续存在,并提出了液滴生成频率在滴落流态下的预测幂律关联式(f_dd = 2.3 Q_r^0.417 Ca_c^0.685,R² = 0.9634)。
The hydrodynamics of droplets is significant in wide-ranging applications involving immiscible fluids and emulsions in food and pharmaceutical. The control and manipulation of droplets are primarily a function of flow governing and geometrical parameters. The finite element and level set approaches are used in this work to explore the influences of capillary number (Ca) and flow rate ratio (Qr) of dispersed and continuous phases on hydrodynamics of droplet generation in two-phase flow through T-junction cross-flow microfluidic device. A mathematical model based on a mass continuity, Navier-Stokes, and level set equations are solved computationally using the Eulerian framework for Ca = 1e-4 - 1 and Qr =0.1 - 10. Both immiscible phases, having equal density and unequal viscosity, flow (Re=0.1) through equal-sized channels. In particular, instantaneous phase flow field, droplet size, droplet detachment time and generation frequency are presented and discussed as a function of governing parameters (Ca and Qr). Considered parametric space is characterized as squeezing, first transition, dripping, second transition, parallel, and jet flow regimes. In contrast to threshold Ca ~ 0.01 in earlier studies, squeezing regime exists for all Ca and Qr = 2- 10. Flow regimes are also mapped into droplets and non-droplet zones. Threshold interfacial Ca, defining the boundary between droplet and non-droplet zones, scales quadratically with Qr. Droplet dynamics shows a complex dependence on Ca and Qr. Droplet length varies linearly with Qr in squeezing regime whereas power-law variation with Ca and Qr in dripping regime. Droplet frequency shows a power-law function of Ca and Qr in droplet zone. Present results compare excellently with earlier limited experimental and numerical studies. Finally, present results and predictive correlations can guide engineering and design of droplet microfluidics devices.
研究动机与目标
- 理解毛细管数(Cac)和流量比(Qr)对T型微流控系统中液滴流体动力学的影响。
- 基于 Cac 和 Qr 绘制流态图谱——包括挤压、滴落、喷射等流态。
- 利用与 Qr 呈二次方关系的临界毛细管数阈值,识别液滴形成区与非液滴流区的分界。
- 建立液滴尺寸、分离时间和生成频率的预测关联式。
- 通过经过验证的数值模拟,为液滴微流控器件的工程设计提供指导。
提出的方法
- 采用有限元法(FEM)求解基于质量守恒、Navier-Stokes 方程和保守水平集方程的数学模型的欧拉框架。
- 采用保守水平集方法,通过重初始化和稳定化参数,保持界面分辨率的清晰性。
- 模拟在固定的雷诺数(Rec = 0.1)下进行,聚焦于低惯性、黏性流条件。
- 系统地改变毛细管数(Cac = uμ/σ)和流量比(Qr = Qd/Qc),取值范围分别为 10⁻⁴ ≤ Cac ≤ 1 和 0.1 ≤ Qr ≤ 10。
- 计算并分析液滴分离频率(f_dd)、液滴尺寸(L/wc)和分离时间(τdd)随 Cac 和 Qr 的变化关系。
- 通过回归分析,推导出新的预测关联式 f_dd = αQ_r^β Ca_c^γ,其在滴落流态下的决定系数 R² = 0.9634。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1毛细管数(Cac)和流量比(Qr)如何影响T型微流控系统中液滴的形成与动力学行为?
- RQ2不同流态(如挤压、滴落、喷射等)分别在何种 Cac 和 Qr 条件下出现?
- RQ3区分液滴形成与非液滴流的临界毛细管数(Cac,trans)是多少?其与 Qr 的依赖关系如何?
- RQ4在挤压流态下,液滴尺寸如何随 Qr 变化?在滴落流态下,液滴尺寸又如何随 Cac 和 Qr 变化?
- RQ5能否基于 Cac 和 Qr 建立滴落流态下液滴生成频率(f_dd)的预测关联式?
主要发现
- 当 2 ≤ Qr ≤ 10 时,挤压流态在所有 Cac 值下均存在,与普遍报道的临界 Cac ≈ 10⁻² 的阈值相矛盾。
- 用于分隔液滴区与非液滴区的过渡毛细管数(Cac,trans)与 Qr 呈二次方关系,表达式为 Car,trans = βQ_r²。
- 在挤压流态下,液滴长度与 Qr 呈线性关系,表明可通过流量比直接调控液滴尺寸。
- 在滴落流态下,液滴尺寸与频率均对 Cac 和 Qr 呈幂律依赖,其中液滴尺寸的决定系数 R² = 0.9874,频率的决定系数 R² = 0.9634。
- 提出液滴频率在滴落流态下的预测关联式 f_dd = 2.3 Q_r^0.417 Ca_c^0.685(适用范围:1/10 ≤ Qr ≤ 1/2,10⁻² ≤ Cac ≤ 0.1),数值结果与预测值高度一致,如散点图所示。
- 本研究将整个参数空间划分为液滴形成区与非液滴形成区,实现了对给定 Cac 和 Qr 值下液滴生成的可靠预测。
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