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[论文解读] Efficiency of non-truthful auctions under auto-bidding

Christopher Liaw, Aranyak Mehta|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 8, 2022
Auction Theory and Applications被引用 4
一句话总结

本文研究了在自动出价设置中非真实性拍卖的效率,其中广告商使用算法来优化目标如投入回报率。研究表明,尽管确定性非真实性拍卖无法改善对价格的无效率(PoA)的2倍上限,但一种新颖的随机化非真实性拍卖实现了1.8的PoA——优于任何已知的真实机制,表明在自动出价系统中,随机化与非真实性都是实现更高效率所不可或缺的要素。

ABSTRACT

Auto-bidding is now widely adopted as an interface between advertisers and internet advertising as it allows advertisers to specify high-level goals, such as maximizing value subject to a value-per-spend constraint. Prior research has mostly focused on auctions which are truthful (such as SPA) since uniform bidding is optimal in such auctions, which makes it manageable to reason about equilibria. A tantalizing question is whether one can obtain more efficient outcomes by leaving the realm of truthful auctions. This is the first paper to study non-truthful auctions in the prior-free auto-bidding setting. Our first result is that non-truthfulness provides no benefit when one considers deterministic auctions. Any deterministic mechanism has a price of anarchy (PoA) of at least $2$, even for $2$ bidders; this matches what can be achieved by deterministic truthful mechanisms. In particular, we prove that the first price auction has PoA of exactly $2$. For our second result, we construct a randomized non-truthful auction that achieves a PoA of $1.8$ for $2$ bidders. This is the best-known PoA for this problem. The previously best-known PoA for this problem was $1.9$ and was achieved with a truthful mechanism. Moreover, we demonstrate the benefit of non-truthfulness in this setting by showing that the truthful version of this randomized auction also has a PoA of $1.9$. Finally, we show that no auction (even randomized, non-truthful) can improve upon a PoA bound of $2$ as the number of advertisers grow to infinity.

研究动机与目标

  • 理解在自动出价设置中,非真实性拍卖是否能实现优于真实拍卖的福利效率。
  • 在无先验条件下,分析确定性与随机化非真实性拍卖中的无效率价格(PoA)。
  • 评估结合随机化与非真实性是否能实现优于真实机制的效率。
  • 确定随着投标人数量增加,效率改进的根本限制。

提出的方法

  • 提出一种随机化第一价格拍卖(rFPA),其中胜者根据出价比率与阈值α的关系决定,胜者需全额支付。
  • 采用基于阈值的分配规则:若较高出价比较低出价高出α倍,则较高出价直接获胜;否则,根据出价比率随机分配。
  • 使用凸优化分析均衡行为,特别计算rFPA中非均匀出价的最佳响应。
  • 将rFPA与使用相同分配规则但不同定价函数的真实版本(rTruth)进行比较,以隔离非真实性的影响。
  • 结合理论分析与模拟,评估多种合成投标人价值分布与查询配置下的PoA。
  • 通过以对数函数为基础的分析推导PoA的边界,并在出价比率上进行优化,以证明最坏情况下的效率保证。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在自动出价场景中,非真实性拍卖能否实现优于真实拍卖的无效率价格(PoA)?
  • RQ2当投标人使用自动出价代理时,随机化是否能提升非真实性拍卖的福利效率?
  • RQ3随着投标人数量增加,非真实性、随机化拍卖中PoA改进的根本限制是什么?
  • RQ4与真实机制相比,非真实性与随机化的结合如何影响均衡结果?

主要发现

  • 对于任何确定性非真实性拍卖,无效率价格(PoA)至少为2,即使仅有两名投标人,其结果与真实机制的最坏情况PoA一致。
  • 第一价格拍卖(FPA)的PoA恰好为2,表明在确定性设置中,非均匀出价无法提升效率。
  • 一种新颖的随机化非真实性拍卖rFPA实现了最多1.8的PoA,这是该问题设置下已知的最佳PoA。
  • rFPA的真实版本(rTruth)的PoA至少为1.98,表明非真实性对效率提升至关重要。
  • 当投标人数量趋于无穷大时,无论是否随机化或非真实性,任何拍卖都无法实现优于2的PoA,确立了根本限制。
  • 模拟结果证实,rFPA在多种合成投标人价值分布下,尤其在非对称设置中,其PoA优于SPA与rTruth。

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