[论文解读] Enabling Wireless Power Transfer in Cellular Networks: Architecture, Modeling and Deployment
本文提出一种混合蜂窝网络架构,通过随机部署的功率信标(PBs)在上行链路中实现微波能量传输(MPT),以实现无线充电。利用泊松点过程的随机几何方法,推导出关键权衡关系:对于全向MPT,$ q\tau_p\tau_b^{\frac{\alpha}{2}} $ 必须超过某一阈值;而对于定向MPT,阵列增益 $ z_m $ 及 $ (z_m q)^{\frac{2}{\alpha}} \tau_b $ 必须足够大,以在中断约束下确保可靠的能量传输。
Microwave power transfer (MPT) delivers energy wirelessly from stations called power beacons (PBs) to mobile devices by microwave radiation. This provides mobiles practically infinite battery lives and eliminates the need of power cords and chargers. To enable MPT for mobile charging, this paper proposes a new network architecture that overlays an uplink cellular network with randomly deployed PBs for powering mobiles, called a hybrid network. The deployment of the hybrid network under an outage constraint on data links is investigated based on a stochastic-geometry model where single-antenna base stations (BSs) and PBs form independent homogeneous Poisson point processes (PPPs) and single-antenna mobiles are uniformly distributed in Voronoi cells generated by BSs. In this model, mobiles and PBs fix their transmission power at p and q, respectively; a PB either radiates isotropically, called isotropic MPT, or directs energy towards target mobiles by beamforming, called directed MPT. The model is applied to derive the tradeoffs between the network parameters including p, q, and the BS/PB densities under the outage constraint. First, consider the deployment of the cellular network. It is proved that the outage constraint is satisfied so long as the product the BS density decreases with increasing p following a power law where the exponent is proportional to the path-loss exponent. Next, consider the deployment of the hybrid network assuming infinite energy storage at mobiles. It is shown that for isotropic MPT, the product between q, the PB density, and the BS density raised to a power proportional to the path-loss exponent has to be above a given threshold so that PBs are sufficiently dense; for directed MPT, a similar result is obtained with the aforementioned product increased by the array gain. Last, similar results are derived for the case of mobiles having small energy storage.
研究动机与目标
- 通过专用功率信标(PBs)利用微波能量传输(MPT)在蜂窝网络中实现无线能量传输(WPT)。
- 解决在无线为移动设备供电的同时保持可靠上行链路蜂窝连接的挑战。
- 在中断约束下,对功率信标(PB)与基站(BS)密度、发射功率及波束成形技术之间的权衡进行建模与分析。
- 为部署具有全向或定向MPT的混合网络提供设计指导,适用于能量存储容量大或小的移动设备。
提出的方法
- 使用独立的齐次泊松点过程(PPPs)对基站(BSs)和功率信标(PBs)进行建模,移动设备均匀分布在基站的Voronoi区域内。
- 应用随机几何方法分析在移动设备必须从PB接收足够功率的约束下,上行链路数据链路的中断概率。
- 考虑两种MPT模式:全向辐射(全向PBs)和定向MPT(波束成形指向目标移动设备),并引入阵列增益 $ z_m $。
- 推导PB发射功率 $ q $、PB密度 $ \tau_p $ 和BS密度 $ \tau_b $ 的乘积在路径损耗指数 $ \alpha $ 缩放下的解析表达式。
- 当移动设备具有大能量存储时,使用引理3进行可行参数区域的数值计算;当存储较小时,采用仿真方法。
- 在波束成形中引入阵列增益 $ z_m $,以建模有效功率的提升,并推导定向MPT的修正阈值。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在蜂窝网络中,为满足上行链路中断约束,移动设备的最小发射功率如何随基站密度变化?
- RQ2在全向MPT下,PB发射功率 $ q $、PB密度 $ \tau_p $ 和BS密度 $ \tau_b $ 如何权衡,以确保可靠能量传输?
- RQ3具有阵列增益 $ z_m $ 的波束成形(定向MPT)与全向MPT相比,如何影响所需的PB密度和发射功率?
- RQ4在不同储能和MPT配置下,确保足够能量传输的临界阈值 $ q\tau_p\tau_b^{\alpha/2} $ 和 $ (z_m q)^{2/\alpha}\tau_b $ 分别是什么?
- RQ5移动设备能量存储有限如何影响混合网络部署的可行性以及对PB密度的最低要求?
主要发现
- 对于仅存在蜂窝网络的情况,若 $ p\tau_b^{\alpha/2} $ 超过某一阈值,则可满足中断约束,且由于分析中无干扰,该结果与噪声无关。
- 对于全向MPT且移动设备储能较大的情况,乘积 $ q\tau_p\tau_b^{\alpha/2} $ 必须超过某一给定阈值,以确保足够的能量传输。
- 对于定向MPT且储能较大的情况,乘积 $ z_m q \tau_p \tau_b^{\alpha/2} $ 必须超过另一不同阈值,其中阵列增益 $ z_m $ 有效提升了有效能量传输。
- 在定向MPT中,$ (z_m q)^{2/\alpha} \tau_b $ 必须足够大,以确保无论距离远近都能实现足够的能量传输,否则PB无法满足最低功率需求。
- 对于储能较小的移动设备,$ q^{2/\alpha} \tau_p \tau_b^{\alpha/\alpha} $ 和 $ q^{2/\alpha} \tau_b $ 均需足够大,以补偿来自多个PB的能量累积。
- 可行性区域显示,在低BS密度下全向MPT表现更优,而在高BS密度下定向MPT更高效,因其对旁瓣功率的依赖性降低。
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