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[论文解读] Energy bands in graphene: How good is the tight-binding model?

E. Kogan, V. U. Nazarov|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 16, 2013
Graphene research and applications被引用 1
一句话总结

本研究比较了石墨烯电子能带的紧束缚模型(TBM)与密度泛函理论(DFT),确认了在对称性和色散关系方面,大多数能带具有高度一致性。然而,研究发现DFT在$̳$-点存在两个未占据的能带,这些能带无法由TBM描述,其特征为平面波态且与TBM价带正交;同时,第四条TBM导带仅部分存在,这是由于其与自由电子态发生强耦合所致。

ABSTRACT

We compare the classification of the electron bands in graphene, obtained by group theory algebra in the framework of tight-binding model (TBM), with that calculated in the density-functional theory (DFT) framework. Identification in the DFT band-structure of all eight energy bands (four valence and four conduction bands) corresponding to the TBM-derived energy bands is performed and corresponding analysis is presented. The four occupied (three $\sigma$- and one $\pi$-like) and three unoccupied (two $\sigma$- and one $\pi$-like) bands given by DFT closely correspond to those predicted by TBM, both by their symmetry and their dispersion law. However, the two lowest lying at the $\Gamma$-point unoccupied bands (one of them of a $\sigma$-like type and the other of a $\pi$-like one), are not of TBM type. According both to their symmetry and to the electron density these bands are plane waves orthogonal to the TBM valence bands; dispersion of these states can be determined unambiguously up to the Brillouin zone borders. On the other hand, the fourth unoccupied band given by the TBM, can be identified among those given by the DFT band calculations; it is situated rather high with respect to energy. The interaction of this band with the free-electron states is so strong, that it exists only in a part of $k$-space.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估紧束缚模型(TBM)在描述石墨烯电子能带结构方面的准确性。
  • 识别TBM预测能带与从密度泛函理论(DFT)计算获得的能带之间的差异。
  • 确定DFT中不对应于TBM推导能带的未占据能带的性质及其起源。
  • 分析这些非TBM能带的色散关系与对称性,及其与自由电子态的关系。

提出的方法

  • 在TBM框架内应用群论代数,对石墨烯中的电子能带进行分类。
  • 执行密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,以获得石墨烯的电子能带结构。
  • 将DFT能带的对称性与色散关系与TBM的预测结果进行比较。
  • 通过电子密度分析,区分能带的$σ$-型与$π$-型特征。
  • 通过对称性与波函数分析,评估未占据DFT能带与TBM价带之间的正交性。
  • 评估高阶TBM导带与自由电子态之间的相互作用强度,以解释其空间受限的存在形式。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在八个DFT能带(四个价带,四个导带)中,哪些与TBM在石墨烯中预测的能带相对应?
  • RQ2为何在$̳$-点的两个未占据DFT能带不与任何TBM导出能带匹配,其物理起源是什么?
  • RQ3这些非TBM未占据能带在整个布里渊区内的色散行为如何?
  • RQ4DFT计算中第四条TBM导带为何仅部分存在?
  • RQ5DFT能带的对称性与电子密度在多大程度上证实了其$σ$-型或$π$-型的分类?

主要发现

  • DFT中的四个占据能带(三个$σ$-型,一个$π$-型)和三个未占据能带(两个$σ$-型,一个$π$-型)在对称性与色散关系上与TBM预测高度一致。
  • DFT中在$̳$-点最低的两个未占据能带并非TBM类型,与TBM价带正交,且表现出平面波特性。
  • 这些非TBM未占据能带的色散关系在布里渊区边界内可明确确定。
  • TBM预测的第四条未占据能带在DFT中被识别,但其能量远高于预期,且仅在$k$-空间的有限区域内存在。
  • 该高阶TBM能带的局部存在是由于其与自由电子态发生强相互作用,导致在某些$k$-空间区域中无法形成。

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