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[论文解读] Entanglement and charge-sharpening transitions in U(1) symmetric monitored quantum circuits

Utkarsh Agrawal, Aidan Zabalo|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 21, 2021
Quantum many-body systems被引用 4
一句话总结

本文研究了U(1)对称的监测量子电路,揭示了一种类电荷锐化相变,可区分具有体积律纠缠的scrambling相,其中测量能否有效揭示总电荷。通过精确数值计算和受限硬核随机行走者映射,表明在任意有限测量速率下,Rényi熵随时间呈弹道增长,且识别出具有涌现洛伦兹不变性和可扩展局域辅助比特探测器的临界行为。

ABSTRACT

Monitored quantum circuits can exhibit an entanglement transition as a function of the rate of measurements, stemming from the competition between scrambling unitary dynamics and disentangling projective measurements. We study how entanglement dynamics in non-unitary quantum circuits can be enriched in the presence of charge conservation, using a combination of exact numerics and a mapping onto a statistical mechanics model of constrained hard-core random walkers. We uncover a charge-sharpening transition that separates different scrambling phases with volume-law scaling of entanglement, distinguished by whether measurements can efficiently reveal the total charge of the system. We find that while Rényi entropies grow sub-ballistically as $\sqrt{t}$ in the absence of measurement, for even an infinitesimal rate of measurements, all average Rényi entropies grow ballistically with time $\sim t$. We study numerically the critical behavior of the charge-sharpening and entanglement transitions in U(1) circuits, and show that they exhibit emergent Lorentz invariance and can also be diagnosed using scalable local ancilla probes. Our statistical mechanical mapping technique readily generalizes to arbitrary Abelian groups, and offers a general framework for studying dissipatively-stabilized symmetry-breaking and topological orders.

研究动机与目标

  • 理解电荷守恒如何丰富非幺正量子电路中的纠缠动力学。
  • 识别并表征U(1)对称监测电路中的新型电荷锐化相变。
  • 确定在不同scrambling相中,测量是否能有效揭示总电荷。
  • 确立电荷锐化与纠缠相变的临界行为及普适性类。
  • 开发基于局域辅助比特探测器的可扩展诊断工具,用于新兴临界动力学。

提出的方法

  • 将监测的U(1)电路映射为受限硬核随机行走者的统计力学模型。
  • 使用精确数值模拟计算有限尺寸系统中的Rényi熵、电荷方差和辅助比特动力学。
  • 应用有限尺寸标度,采用假设 R(p,L) = a_R + b_R(p−p_0)L^{1/ν} + c_R(p−p_0)^2L^{2/ν} + d_R/L^ω 提取临界点与指数。
  • 对标度假设进行非线性拟合,提取临界参数,包括 p_0、ν 和 ω,误差条来自置信区间。
  • 使用局域辅助比特探测器诊断临界动力学,并提取普适标度函数 A_O(x) 和 B(x)。
  • 分析可观测量的长时间衰减速率,以确认临界点处的指数弛豫与普适标度。
Figure 1: Phase diagram and crossover time scales in U(1) symmetric monitored quantum circuits. Our numerical results indicate that there are two distinct phases in the entangling (volume-law) regime $p<p_{c}$ , separated by a charge-sharpening critical point as $p=p_{\#}$ . In the charge-fuzzy phas
Figure 1: Phase diagram and crossover time scales in U(1) symmetric monitored quantum circuits. Our numerical results indicate that there are two distinct phases in the entangling (volume-law) regime $p<p_{c}$ , separated by a charge-sharpening critical point as $p=p_{\#}$ . In the charge-fuzzy phas

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1U(1)电荷守恒如何改变监测量子电路中的纠缠与电荷锐化相变?
  • RQ2在具有体积律纠缠的scrambling相中,总电荷的可测量性有何区别?
  • RQ3电荷锐化相变是否表现出涌现洛伦兹不变性与普适标度假设?
  • RQ4局域辅助比特探测器能否可靠诊断电荷锐化与纠缠相变的临界动力学?
  • RQ5临界点的本质是什么?有限尺寸效应如何影响临界指数的提取?

主要发现

  • 即使测量速率极小,所有平均Rényi熵也随时间呈弹道增长,标度为 ∼t,与无测量时的 √t 增长形成鲜明对比。
  • 电荷锐化相变将测量能或不能有效揭示总电荷的相区分开,二者具有截然不同的纠缠标度行为。
  • 该相变表现出涌现洛伦兹不变性,表现为衰减速率的普适标度,且通过 ν = 2.15 和 p_# = 0.088 实现数据的统一收缩。
  • 长时间临界动力学由单一弛豫率 ξ_t 的指数弛豫主导,表明存在普适的指数衰减定律。
  • 局域辅助比特探测器比全局可观测量(如 N_0)更早达到临界行为,从而实现临界性的可扩展诊断。
  • 有限尺寸标度分析证实存在非可忽略的无关标度场 v,其导致交叉点偏移,因此标度假设中需采用高阶拟合。
Figure 2: Entanglement transition in qubit chains. (a) Data and collapse of the tripartite mutual information, $\mathcal{I}_{3,n=1}$ , used to determine the critical point of the entanglement transition, $p_{c}=0.105(3)$ , and the correlation length exponent, $\nu=1.32(6)$ . The error bars in $p_{c}
Figure 2: Entanglement transition in qubit chains. (a) Data and collapse of the tripartite mutual information, $\mathcal{I}_{3,n=1}$ , used to determine the critical point of the entanglement transition, $p_{c}=0.105(3)$ , and the correlation length exponent, $\nu=1.32(6)$ . The error bars in $p_{c}

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