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[论文解读] EPOCHS VI: The Size and Shape Evolution of Galaxies since z ~ 8 with JWST Observations

K. Ormerod, Christopher J. Conselice|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 8, 2023
Astronomy and Astrophysical Research被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究利用JWST/CEERS与HST/CANDELS数据,分析了红移z ~ 8至z ~ 0.5之间1,395个大质量星系(log(M*/M☉) > 9.5)的大小与结构演化,采用单Sérsic模型拟合其rest-frame光学轮廓。研究发现星系的大小演化满足Re ∝ (1+z)^{-0.71±0.19},在高红移时以紧凑的盘状结构为主导,并揭示在z > 3后大小–质量关系出现破裂,挑战了此前关于宁静星系在固定质量下更小的假设。

ABSTRACT

We present the results of a size and structural analysis of 1395 galaxies at $0.5 \leq z \lesssim 8$ with stellar masses $\log \left(M_* / M_{\odot} ight)$ $>$ 9.5 within the JWST Public CEERS field that overlaps with the HST CANDELS EGS observations. We use GALFIT to fit single Sérsic models to the rest-frame optical profile of our galaxies, which is a mass-selected sample complete to our redshift and mass limit. Our primary result is that at fixed rest-frame wavelength and stellar mass, galaxies get progressively smaller, evolving as $\sim (1+z)^{-0.71\pm0.19}$ up to $z \sim 8$. We discover that the vast majority of massive galaxies at high redshifts have low Sérsic indices, thus do not contain steep, concentrated light profiles. Additionally, we explore the evolution of the size-stellar mass relationship, finding a correlation such that more massive systems are larger up to $z \sim 3$. This relationship breaks down at $z > 3$, where we find that galaxies are of similar sizes, regardless of their star formation rates and Sérsic index, varying little with mass. We show that galaxies are more compact at redder wavelengths, independent of sSFR or stellar mass up to $z \sim 3$. We demonstrate the size evolution of galaxies continues up to $z \sim 8$, showing that the process or causes for this evolution is active at early times. We discuss these results in terms of ideas behind galaxy formation and evolution at early epochs, such as their importance in tracing processes driving size evolution, including minor mergers and AGN activity.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用高分辨率JWST数据测量从z ~ 8到z ~ 0.5的大质量星系的大小与结构演化。
  • 确定星系大小、Sérsic指数和形态随红移与恒星质量的演化规律。
  • 检验在z < 3时观测到的大小–质量关系与结构分叉现象是否在更高红移下依然成立。
  • 评估rest-frame波长与测光滤波器对高红移观测星大小的影响。
  • 通过模拟星系验证结果,排除距离或空间分辨率引起的系统性效应。

提出的方法

  • 星系样本为质量选择且在CEERS场与CANDELS-EGS重叠区域内对log(M*/M☉) > 9.5且z ≤ 8完全。
  • 使用GALFIT对rest-frame光学轮廓进行单Sérsic拟合,以测量有效半径(Re)与Sérsic指数(n)。
  • 利用HST数据的测光红移锚定红移,并确保样本内的一致性。
  • 通过比较不同rest-frame波长下的大小,特别是较红的滤波器,分析滤波器效应。
  • 使用具有已知真实性质的模拟星系验证测量流程,并确认对红移与分辨率效应的鲁棒性。
  • 统计分析比较不同红移区间、恒星质量、ssSFR与形态类型下的大小演化。
Figure 1 : Plot showing the rest-frame wavelengths at given redshifts, for all filters used within the JWST CEERS NIRCam observations, and used within this paper. The shaded regions show the selected filter we use to observe sources in the rest-frame optical at the given redshift. The grey dashed li
Figure 1 : Plot showing the rest-frame wavelengths at given redshifts, for all filters used within the JWST CEERS NIRCam observations, and used within this paper. The shaded regions show the selected filter we use to observe sources in the rest-frame optical at the given redshift. The grey dashed li

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1从z ~ 8到z ~ 0.5,大质量星系的有效半径如何随红移演化?
  • RQ2在z > 3时,大小–恒星质量关系是否仍然成立,还是如早期HST数据所示出现破裂?
  • RQ3Sérsic指数与结构类型(如盘状与球状)如何随红移演化,这对星系形成机制有何启示?
  • RQ4rest-frame滤波器波长与恒星质量在高红移下对观测星大小的影响程度如何?
  • RQ5观测到的大小演化趋势是由物理演化驱动,还是由分辨率或去混淆等系统性效应引起?

主要发现

  • 星系有效半径从z ~ 8到z ~ 0.5的演化满足Re ∝ (1+z)^{-0.71±0.19},表明其在早期宇宙中持续演化。
  • 绝大多数高红移大质量星系具有较低的Sérsic指数(n ≈ 1),表明其为盘状或指数轮廓,且在z > 3时,星形成与宁静星系之间无显著差异。
  • 在z > 3时,大小–恒星质量关系出现破裂,此时星形成与宁静星系在固定质量下具有相似大小,与z < 3的趋势相矛盾。
  • 星系在较红的rest-frame滤波器中显得更紧凑,且更高质量的星系表现出更强的紧凑性效应,该效应与ssSFR或Sérsic指数无关。
  • 球状星系在所有红移下均更小且具有更高的Sérsic指数,证实其紧凑且集中。
  • 通过模拟星系验证确认,观测到的大小演化为物理效应,而非测量系统性或红移效应的产物。
Figure 2 : Plots showing the Kron radii (semi-major axis of the Kron ellipse), where the red radius in each image is that of the primary source, and the blue radii are those of the neighbouring sources. We give several scenarios for how these systems would be found. Left: No other sources would be f
Figure 2 : Plots showing the Kron radii (semi-major axis of the Kron ellipse), where the red radius in each image is that of the primary source, and the blue radii are those of the neighbouring sources. We give several scenarios for how these systems would be found. Left: No other sources would be f

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